GRE阅读题目解析:伊斯兰教法

　　P2

　　1

　　Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of "sacred law."

　　伊斯兰教法是 “宗教法” 的一个特别典型的例子。

　　(instructive 启蒙的，提供丰富知识的，有意义的，句子说伊斯兰教法作为例子用来解释“宗教法”特别地 instructive ，意译成典型的，有说服力的。)

　　2

　　Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law — notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned — that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.

　　当然，尽管伊斯兰教法和其他形式的法律，在目标与明确立法方面难免存在大量巧合，但它仍然与其他法律有着如此明显的区别，所以为了充分理解各种法律现象，研究伊斯兰教法是必要的。

　　(notwithstanding 做连词时相当于 although)

　　3

　　Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different.

　　即使另外两种典型的宗教法，J 犹太教法和 C 罗马天主教法，在时间与空间上都和伊斯兰教法最为接近，伊斯兰教法与它们仍有明显区别。

　　4

　　Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.

　　相较于伊斯兰教法，J 法和 C 法更统一。

　　5

　　Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora ( the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel ) , the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

　　尽管历史上古以色列的 J 法，与 D 大流散时期(犹太王国公元前六世纪被巴比伦人攻陷后被俘往巴比伦或被驱逐流散世界各地，公元前538年起至今，都被称为大流散时期)的 J 法有明显的断裂，但旧约后期部分中法律事务的精神，与犹太教法典 T 非常接近，T 是 D 时期 J 法最主要的一部法典。

　　6

　　Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

　　另一方面，伊斯兰教则从根本上脱离了早于它产生的阿拉伯异教信仰体系;伊斯兰教法产生于一系列综合考察，从宗教角度看，这些考察涉及的法律目标千差万别，既包括了伊斯兰教以前的阿拉伯法律元素，也包括大量从他们占领的非阿拉伯人聚居地区借鉴的法律元素。

　　异教徒 [pagan]

　　基督教、犹太教及伊斯兰教以外的宗教信奉者。早期基督徒常用这个名称指崇拜多神的非基督徒。基督教传教士常企图通过在异教徒的圣地搭建教堂，或将基督教节日与异教徒的仪式联系起来(如将圣诞节和冬至庆典结合)，来消除异教徒的宗教活动。异教徒一词亦用以指称非基督教哲学家。

　　(大英袖珍百科)

　　7

　　All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel institutions.

　　所有这些都被统合于同一种信仰监督之下，其影响差异很大，某些领域察觉不到，在其他一些领域则催生了新制度。

　　8

　　This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.

　　法律目标，同时是宗教规范的核心两重性，再附加以典型宗教法所特有的各种法律，伦理，宗教仪式规矩。

　　9

　　In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law.

　　伊斯兰教法与世俗国家的关系，跟 J 法和 C 法情况都不同。

　　10

　　Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside; its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent.

　　J 法的基础，是被外部势力压迫的民众凝聚在一起，它的法条都直接表达这种凝聚的感觉，倾向于调和不同意见。

　　11

　　Canon and Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion.

　　C 法和伊斯兰教法，则与 J 法相反，被宗教与国家两重性概念主导，这里的国家不是外来势力，而是同一种宗教的政治表达。

　　12

　　But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons.

　　但国家与宗教的冲突形式各异：在基督教语境中，冲突表现为一个组织严密的教会统治集团争取政治权力，而 C 法就是教会集团的一种政治武器。

　　(on the part of somebody 由某人做出的

　　ecclesiastical 教堂的，教会的)

　　13

　　Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by an organized institution; consequently, there never developed an overt trial of strength.

　　另一方面，伊斯兰教法则从未获得任何有组织的支持;因此，从没有发展出公开斗争的力量。

　　14

　　There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.

　　只是宗教法的实施和伊斯兰教国家制定的许多规定并不协调;这种对抗因时因地而异。

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　3. The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?

　　□A Does Islamic law depend on sources other than Arab legal principles?

　　□B What secular practices of Islamic states conflicted with Islamic law?

　　□C Is Jewish law more uniform than canon law?

　　选 BC

　　A 句 6 “ … and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. ”，伊斯兰教法确实引入了一些非阿拉伯原则。

　　B 句 14 显示，伊斯兰国家在执政中确实与伊斯兰教法存在某些不和，但具体是什么，文中没有介绍，所以选 B 。

　　C 句 4 只提到：

　　“ Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. ”

　　J 和 C 比伊斯兰教法更 uniform ，但未比较 J C 二者的关系，所以选 C 。

　　4. It can be inferred from the passage that the application of Islamic law in Islamic states has

　　(A) systematically been opposed by groups who believe it is contrary to their interests

　　(B) suffered irreparably from the lack of firm institutional backing

　　(C) frequently been at odds with the legal activity of government institutions

　　(D) remained unaffected by the political forces operating alongside it

　　(E) benefited from the fact that it never experienced a direct confrontation with the state

　　选 C

　　be at odds 意见不和，争吵

　　见句 14：

　　There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.

　　5. Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?

　　(A) A universal principle is advanced and then discussed in relation to a particular historical phenomenon.

　　(B) A methodological innovation is suggested and then examples of its efficacy are provided.

　　(C) A traditional interpretation is questioned and then modified to include new data.

　　(D) A general opinion is expressed and then supportive illustrations are advanced.

　　(E) A controversial viewpoint is presented and then both supportive evidence and contradictory evidence are cited.

　　选 D

　　先抛出一个总论点，然后罗列各种支撑论证。

　　所谓的 general oponion 就是句 1：Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of "sacred law."

　　后面的内容，都是从各方面比较，来证明这个观点。

　　6. The passage suggests that canon law differs from Islamic law in that only canon law

　　(A) contains prescriptions that nonsacred legal systems might regard as properly legal

　　(B) concerns itself with the duties of a person in regard to the community as a whole

　　(C) was affected by the tension of the conflict between religion and state

　　(D) developed in a political environment that did not challenge its fundamental existence

　　(E) played a role in the direct confrontation between institutions vying for power

　　选 E

　　见句 12：

　　But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons.

　　C 法在等级森严的教会组织谋求政治权力的斗争中，被作为一种武器，也可以说 played a role in the direct confrontation between institutions vying for power 。

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