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GRE阅读题目解析:生物进化塑造人类行为

2017-03-16 09:44:00来源:网络

  P1

  1

  Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior.

  一些现代人类学者认为,生物进化不仅塑造了人类形态,同时也包括人类行为。

  2

  The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints — ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “ come naturally ” in archetypal situations in any culture.

  这些学者认为进化的作用不在于控制人类行为的细节,而在于施加一些约束 —— 在任何一种文化的典型情境中 “ 自然显露出来的 ” 感知,思维和行为方式。

  (one 指代句首的 the role)

  3

  Our “ frailties ” – emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love — may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, “ in the grip ” of them.

  我们的 “ 弱点 ” —— 诸如愤怒,恐惧,贪婪,放纵饮食,醉心娱乐,情欲爱欲等情感和动机 —— 可能非常多样彼此混杂,但至少它们有一个共同点: 正如我们自己说的,我们 “ 受制于 ” 它们。

  4

  And thus they give us our sense of constraints.

  因此我们感到受约束。

  5

  Unhappily, some of those frailties — our need for ever-increasing security among them — are presently maladaptive.

  不幸的是,某些弱点 —— 我们不断增加的对安全感的需要 —— 现在使我们难以适应。

  (maladaptive 不适应的)

  6

  Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.

  然而当这些弱点被置于文化环境中,据称也显示出遗传性,因此这些弱点天然地存在于每个人,就像阑尾。

  (overlay 覆盖物,装饰面)

  7

  We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.

  我们需要彻底地理解它们适应的起源,以理解它们如何如此强烈地控制我们。 也许就可以克服这些压力。

  1. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?

  (A) The ability of most people to see all the colors of the visible spectrum as against most people‘s inability to name any but the primary colors

  (B) The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people‘s inability to mask their feelings completely

  (C) The ability of some people to dive to great depths as against most people‘s inability to swim long distances

  (D) The psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as against people‘s inability to control their lives completely

  (E) The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people‘s inability to fly without special apparatus

  选 E

  注意题干,从人类形态的角度(human morphology)提供关于“细节”和“限制”的恰当类比:

  A、B、C 都是某种 ability 与 inability 的对比,其中的 inabilities 与人体构造的细节无关;

  D 先解释下 delay gratification “满足延宕”,大概就是为了获得更大的利益,暂时放弃或延迟满足的一种行为;能够 “延迟享受” 的人的心理侧写(大概相当于心理分析)vs 完全不能控制自己的人。也不是形态生物学意义上的,细节与限制的类比,也许可以说是心理学上的类比。

  E 缺氧山区的居民的肺活量更大,是一种身体构造差异的细节;人不借助特别的设备就不能飞,形态上的限制,没翅膀。符合题干。

  2. It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that

  (A) evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptive characteristics over the emergence of maladaptive ones

  (B) any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory

  (C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the emergence of other maladaptive characteristics more likely

  (D) the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive must always remain highly tentative

  (E) changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change

  选 E

  “ 人类总体环境的改变可能超过进化改变的速度 ”

  句 6 把这些 maladaptive frailties 类比为阑尾,阑尾以前是有益于人类的生理构造,而现在来看,阑尾的益处显然比它可能带来的危险要小,只能说明人类的生存环境的变化速度过快,超越了进化本身的反应速度。

  以上就是新东方在线GER频道为你带来的GRE阅读题目解析:生物进化塑造人类行为,更多精彩敬请关注新东方在线GRE频道。

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