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GRE阅读题目解析:把大脑活动与精神体验关联

2017-03-02 09:16:00来源:网络

  P1

  1

  By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging.

  1950年以前,所有把大脑活动与精神体验相关联的尝试,结果都相当失败。

  2

  Herring suggested that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy.

  H 认为,不同感觉的形式,如痛感、味觉、颜色,可能与不同种类的神经能量的释放有关。

  3

  However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity.

  然而,后来得以发展的记录与分析神经电位的研究方法,都没能发现这种性质上的差别。

  (potential 电位,电压)

  4

  Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.

  尽管神经能量的多样性的说法从未被明确推翻,但学界主流已经逐渐接受另一种观点,即神经脉冲本质上是相同的,它们在神经系统中传导,如同某种 “ 通用货币 ” 。

  (in favor of (放弃或拒绝某事物)转而选择 …

  impulse 神经脉冲

  namely 【MWC】that is to say)

  5

  According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view.

  根据这个理论,决定感觉神经脉冲所制造的不同感觉的关键,不在于神经脉冲的属性,而在于它们被释放的不同的大脑区域,且有证据支撑这个理论。

  6

  In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value.

  在一项实验中,对有清醒意识的实验对象(人)的大脑皮层特定感受区域施加一个电刺激,就会产生与该区域相适合的特定类型的感受,换言之,对视觉皮层的刺激激发视觉感受,对听觉皮层的刺激激发听觉感受,等等。然而,皮层的内部构造则跟这种映射关系无关。

  (appropirate 适合的,意思是某个特定的区域就对应特定类型的感觉。

  modality (一种)感觉(如听觉、视觉等),sensation一词的生理学表述。

  cortical locus,in itself,turned out to have little explanatory value 比较英语的表达法,不容易直译成汉语。(实验中刺激的)大脑皮层的某个区域,它的内部,被证明没有什么解释性的价值——也就是说,产生什么样的感受,只跟刺激的位置有关,跟皮层的内部构造无关,内部构造对解释那种特定映射关系没帮助。)

  1. The author mentions “common currency” in line 13 primarily in order to emphasize the

  (A) lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings

  (B) similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience

  (C) similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous system

  (D) continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system

  (E) recurrent questioning by scientists of an accepted explanation about the nervous system

  选 A

  文章第一种理论,也就是H的理论,认为不同的感觉,对应着不同的刺激信号。后来这种理论没什么人坚持了,大家都认为神经信号没有区别,就是普通的电信号,而区别在于不同的大脑皮层感受区。“通用货币”,用以类比电信号是一种通用信号。

  2. The description of an experiment in which electric stimuli were applied to different sensory fields of the cerebral cortex tends to support the theory that

  (A) the simple presence of different cortical areas cannot account for the diversity of mental experience

  (B) variation in spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses correlates with variation in subjective experience

  (C) nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous and are relatively unaffected as they travel through the nervous system

  (D) the mental experiences produced by sensory nerve impulses are determined by the cortical area activated

  (E) variation in neuron types affects the quality of nerve impulses

  选 D

  A 正好说反了。

  B “神经脉冲的不同时空模式与实验对象的主观体验有关”,首先神经脉冲是人都一样,没什么不同的时空模式,第二跟个体经验也没有关系,刺激一个盲人的视神经皮层,只要他大脑没病变都能感受到视觉刺激。

  C 最大迷惑项。前半句对,神经脉冲本质上是相同的,unaffected 不受改变的,这个就错了,只有(电位)改变才叫刺激,如果没有改变,什么都感觉不到。

  D 正确项。

  E “不同类型的神经影响神经脉冲的属性。”神经脉冲的属性是一样的,从神经脉冲的不同属性来试图研究不同感觉的路子,1950年以后大家就放弃了。

  3. Which of the following best summarizes the author‘s opinion of the suggestion that different areas of the brain determine perceptions produced by sensory nerve impulses?

  (A) It is a plausible explanation, but it has not been completely proved.

  (B) It is the best explanation of brain processes currently available.

  (C) It is disproved by the fact that the various areas of the brain are physiologically very similar.

  (D) There is some evidence to support it, but it fails to explain the diversity of mental experience.

  (E) There is experimental evidence that confirms its correctness.

  选 D

  A 错,第5句末说有证据支持,第6句详述了实验过程和原理。

  B 是否 the best,不能判断。

  C “它被驳斥了,因为不同的脑区域生理上是非常类似的”。第一它没被驳斥,第二,不同区域的大脑生理上是不是类似我们也不知道。

  D 正确项。“有证据支持,但没有解释这种感觉与大脑皮层位置的映射关系,与不同的精神体验有什么关系”。

  E 对不对不知道,只是有证据支持这种理论而已。

  以上就是新东方在线GER频道为你带来的GRE阅读题目解析:把大脑活动与精神体验关联,更多精彩敬请关注新东方在线GRE频道。

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