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GRE阅读题目解析:小群体中的动物更勇敢

2017-01-20 17:30:00来源:网络

  P3

  1

  One explanation for the tendency of animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones assumes that the vigilant behavior—looking up, for example—is aimed at predators.

  动物作为小群体中的一员趋于比在较大群体中表现的更勇敢,一种解释假定勇敢的行为 —— 比如说抬头警戒 —— 是为了针对掠食者。

  2

  If individuals on the edge of a group are more vigilant because they are at greater risk of being captured, then individuals on average would have to be more vigilant in smaller groups, because the animals on the periphery of a group form a greater proportion of the whole group as the size of the group diminishes.

  如果群体边缘的动物因面对更大被捕杀的危险而表现的更勇敢,那么平均来看小群体的动物更勇敢,因为随着群体数量的缩小,处于边缘的动物所占的比例越来越大。

  3

  However, a different explanation is necessary in cases where the vigilant behavior is not directed at predators.

  然而,另一种解释可以应对勇敢行为并非直接针对掠食者的情况。

  4

  J. Krebs has discovered that great blue herons look up more often when in smaller flocks than when in larger ones, solely as a consequence of poor feeding conditions.

  J. K 已经发现,小群体中的大蓝鹭比大群体中的更经常抬头眺望,单纯是因为吃不饱。

  5

  Krebs hypothesizes that the herons in smaller flocks are watching for herons that they might follow to better feeding pools, which usually attract larger numbers of the birds. (162 words)

  K 假设,小群的鹭关注其他鹭,因为后者可能找到食物更丰富的水塘,这通常会引来大量鸟类。

  6. It can be inferred from the passage that in species in which vigilant behavior is directed at predators, the tendency of the animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones would most likely be minimized if which of the following were true?

  (A) The vigilance of animals on the periphery of a group always exceeded that of animals located in its interior, even when predators were not in the area.

  (B) The risk of capture for individuals in a group was the same, whether they were located in the interior of the group or on its periphery.

  (C) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to be less capable of defending themselves from attack by predators than animals located in the interior of the group.

  (D) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to bear marks that were more distinctive to predators than animals located in the interior of the group.

  (E) Animals on the periphery of a group tended to have shorter life spans than animals located in the interior of the group.

  选 B

  找一个选项,它能够削弱 “小群体动物比大群体同类更勇敢” 的论断。

  怎样削弱一个结论?攻击它的证据,或攻击它的证据对结论的支撑环节。

  那么作者用来支撑 “小群体动物平均更勇敢” 的证据是什么?根据句 1,比较明显,是因为:1)外圈个体面临被猎杀的危险,2)小群体的外圈成员比例大。

  第二点是无法推翻的,因为它是个几何常识,只能从第一点下手了。

  所以选 B,无论内圈外圈,被猎杀的风险一样,自然就无法推出外圈更勇敢的结论,进而也就推翻了小群体更勇敢的结论。

  A

  无关项。不多讲。

  C

  干扰项。字面来看,C 的叙述很可能是事实,外圈动物不如内圈的更能够保护自己,但这不妨碍前者比后者勇敢,我们甚至可以猜测,如果前者不更加勇敢,它们生存的几率会更低,为了活命怎么也要拼一把。虽然符合常识推断,但不符合题设。

  D

  干扰项。外圈动物在掠食者看来已经带有某种明显标志。发散的同学也许会说:因为外圈已经有明显标志了,所以掠食者会跳过这些外圈的,直奔内圈的弱者,这样一来内圈的面对的掠杀风险也高起来,也会变得勇敢了。

  这种想法显然发散,通过文章我们根本无法判断,掠食者有没有能力跳过外圈直奔内圈,所以说破天这也是个无法判断项。时刻保持收敛,收敛其实是个好习惯,收敛意味着不做无根据的判断,也许把根据的范围缩小在文段里,会显得刻板,但做学术研究的时候,你会发现收敛是学术严谨最大的必要,这就是学术论文和吹牛逼的最大区别。

  E

  强干扰项。外圈动物更短命。这个条件试图这样攻击结论:外圈面临更大风险,即便再怎么勇敢,寿命也更短,寿命更短意味着后代少,所以长期来看,有勇敢基因的个体就逐渐被淘汰了。

  我们同样可以从两方面质疑这个条件:

  1)即便寿命更短,是不是一定后代更少?也许勇敢的个体在交配时有非常明显的优势,很多动物在交配季节,雄性都会用决斗的方式产生交配权。

  2)勇敢是否来自遗传?如果勇敢可以通过后天的环境激发而变化,那么这种遗传淘汰说市场就更小了。

  For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

  7.The passage provides information in support of which of the following assertions EXCEPT?

  A Similar behavior in different species of animals does not necessarily serve the same purpose.

  B Vigilant behavior aimed at predators is seldom more beneficial to groups of animals than to individual animals.

  C The avoidance of predators is more important to an animal's survival than is the quest for food.

  选 BC

  选 EXCEPT 项!

  A 正确,不选。在文中,looking up 这个行为在不同物种中目的就不同,有时是为了警戒,有时是为了找吃的。

  B 信息不足,无法判断。

  C 信息不足,无法判断。

  以上就是新东方在线GER频道为你带来的GRE阅读题目解析:群体中的动物更勇敢,更多精彩敬请关注新东方在线GRE频道。

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