GRE阅读题目解析：工业化对人类的影响

　　P2

　　1

　　It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced.

　　很多人认为工业化对人类生活产生了革命性影响。

　　(不要把句子写成像穿了四条裤子一样，整个后半句就是工业化的同义重复，真是很糟糕的写作)

　　2

　　For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society.

　　譬如，有人认为雇工使女性走出传统家庭事务，根本地改变了她们的社会地位。

　　3

　　In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity.

　　十九世纪，当女人刚刚进入工厂，法国政客 JS 警告说，这哪像女人。

　　4

　　Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry."

　　然而，恩格斯预见到，通过技术发展，可能会出现第一次 “全体女性进入公众事业”，进而把女人从家庭内所处的 “社会、法律以及经济弱势” 地位解放出来。

　　5

　　Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization's effects, but they agreed that it would transform women's lives.

　　可见，观察者们对工业化的影响褒贬不一，但都认为它将改变女人的命运。

　　6

　　Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power.

　　历史学者，特别是研究女性历史的学者现在对这种改变命运的力量的假说，发出严肃的质疑。

　　7

　　They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women's work.

　　他们认为，那些激动人心的技术创新，诸如珍妮纺纱机，缝纫机，打字机以及真空吸尘器，都没有产生什么显著的社会变革，来改变女性的经济地位，或社会对女性分工的主流看法。

　　8

　　The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics.

　　工业革命时期纺织厂雇佣年轻女工，在很大程度上是雇佣年轻、单身女性做佣人的旧有模式的延伸。

　　9

　　It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women's work."

　　与其说办公技术发生了改变，不如说秘书工作最开始作为新手经理人的学徒训练，后在 1880 年代被从行政管理工作中分离出来，并产生了一个 “没有前途的” 新工作阶层，从那时开始就被认为是 “女人的事” 了 。

　　(dead-end 指以前的秘书是实习经理人，经过秘书工作的学徒期，会晋升为正式的经理，而一旦这些工作分离出来并专门派给女人，她们是不会得到晋升的，所以叫 dead-end 。)

　　10

　　The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

　　二十世纪妇女社会受雇数量上升，与她们自身的经济需要(C)有关，加之高结婚率(D)使未婚女性总数减少，而以前在很多情况下，雇主只会雇佣未婚女性，相较而言，这种上升趋势与工业化减轻了家务负担(A)，给主妇提供了更多可支配时间(B)关系不大。

　　(长难句。主干大概是：上升与 A 和 B 不如与 C 和 D 关系大，换言之，上升主要是因为 C 和 D ，而不是因为 A 和 B 。

　　翻译时颠倒了一下语序，看不清楚的给我留言。)

　　11

　　Women's work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work.

　　在过去的 200 年女性工作发生了极大改变，从家庭事务到办公室或工厂，后来主要从事白领工作，不再从事蓝领工作。

　　(一个比较粗糙的理解：白领是做办公桌后面穿制服的，蓝领是手工劳动或体力劳动的。)

　　12

　　Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women's household labor remains demanding.

　　然而根本性地看，从工业革命前到现在，女性的工作条件几乎没变：特定职业存在性别歧视，女性群体收入普遍偏低，女性从事的工作相对不需要高级技能，给女性提供的晋升机会更少，以及女性仍然被要求承担家务。

　　13

　　Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society.

　　近期的历史学研究让我们重新审视，科技本质上对社会总有革命性影响这一论断。

　　14

　　Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.

　　工业化甚至可能延后了女性传统地位的改变，无论在劳工市场还是家庭内部。

　　3.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

　　(A) The effects of the mechanization of women's work have not borne out the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary.

　　(B) Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a society's traditional values and the customary roles of its members.

　　(C) Mechanization has caused the nature of women's work to change since the Industrial Revolution.

　　(D) The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs that did not previously exist.

　　(E) The mechanization of women's work, while extremely revolutionary it its effects, has not, on the whole, had the deleterious effects that some critics had feared.

　　选A

　　A 工业化对女性工作的影响没有证明那个通常被接受的假设即科技本质上是革命性的。正确项。越正确越像什么都没说，这就对了。

　　B 最后一句告诉我们，工业化延后了 any change，工业化是碍事的。所以划掉。

　　C 改变了女人的天性。搞笑项。

　　D 工业化创造了新的工作阶层。确实创造了一个秘书阶层，但这不能很好地概括全篇的主旨，划掉。

　　E 从 extremely revolutionary 就开始错了。后半句泛滥得更远，不解释了。

　　4.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women's work?

　　(A) Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positions

　　(B) Interviews with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks

　　(C) Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one

　　(D) Census results showing that working women's wages and salaries are, on the average, as high as those of working men

　　(E) Enrollment figures from universities demonstrating that increasing numbers of young women are choosing to continue their education beyond the undergraduate level

　　选D

　　相对简单的一题，你要找的一项，应该是句 12 中提到的：职业歧视，低收入，低技能，难晋升，还要做家务。

　　A 这是句 11 中提到的一种改变，但不能叫 fundamentally 。

　　B 男人也做家务了，不代表女人被允许不做家务。迷惑项。

　　C 电子行业女性用工超过男性 4：1，不代表这是高技能工种，比如富士康组装苹果手机流水线上的女工，我相信比男工的比例更悬殊。迷惑项，阴险啊，年轻的猎人们要小心。

　　D 工资追上男人了。正确项。

　　E 无关项。句 12 没说教育的事。

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　5. Which of the following statement about many employers before the twentieth century are NOT implied in the passage?

　　A They did not employ women in factories.

　　B They tended to employ single rather than married women.

　　C They hired women only when qualified men were not available to fill the open positions.

　　选AC

　　注意选 NOT implied 项。

　　句 10 提到了 B，选 A，C。

　　6.Which of the following best describes the function of the concluding sentence of the passage?

　　(A) It sums up the general points concerning the mechanization of work made in the passage as a whole.

　　(B) It draws a conclusion concerning the effects of the mechanization of work which goes beyond the evidence presented in the passage as a whole.

　　(C) It restates the point concerning technology made in the sentence immediately preceding it.

　　(D) It qualifies the author's agreement with scholars who argue for a major revision in the assessment of the impact of mechanization on society

　　(E) It suggests a compromise between two seemingly contradictory views concerning the effects of mechanization on society.

　　选B

　　文章开头说，工业化对女性出来工作有正面作用，以恩格斯为代表，但句 6 开始，历史学家们的研究挑战了这种说法，认为这种作用没多大。结尾时，作者把这种观点往前推了一步，不但没多大作用，甚至有反作用，它延缓了女性地位的改变。所以选B。

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