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GRE阅读题目解析:古典经验主义

2016-12-22 07:57:00来源：网络

　　P1

　　1

　　Historically, a cornerstone of classical empiricism has been the notion that every true generalization must be confirmable by specific observations.

　　历史上古典经验主义一直秉持这样的观念，一个归纳必须被所有确切的观察证实才可认为是真。

　　(cornerstone 墙角石，奠基石，比喻重要的基础因素)

　　2

　　In classical empiricism, the truth of "All balls are red," for example, is assessed by inspecting balls; any observation of a non red ball refutes unequivocally the proposed generalization.

　　比如说，在古典经验主义中要评估 “所有的球是红的” 这个归纳是否为真，需要检查所有的球;只要观察到任何一个其他颜色的球，就可以明确否定前述归纳。

　　3

　　For W.V.O. Quine, however, this constitutes an overly "narrow" conception of empiricism.

　　而 W.V.O. Q 据此认为经验主义过于 “强调细节” 了。

　　4

　　"All balls are red," he maintains, forms one strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge); individual observations can be referred only to this web as a whole.

　　他认为 “所有的球是红色的” 只是整个陈述网络(人类认识)的一股;个体观察只能作为整个网络的一部分。

　　5

　　As new observations are collected, he explains, they must be integrated into the web. Problems occur only if a contradiction develops between a new observation, say, "That ball is blue," and the preexisting statements.

　　他解释道，新的观察被不断收集，也必须融入现有网络。只有当新的观察与既有陈述出现矛盾，比如 “有个球是蓝色的”，才会出问题。

　　6

　　In that case, he argues, any statement or combination of statements (not merely the "offending" generalization, as in classical empiricism) can be altered to achieve the fundamental requirement, a system free of contradictions, even if, in some cases, the alteration consists of labeling the new observation a "hallucination." (172 words)

　　这种情况下，他指出，任何单个陈述或一组陈述(不只是古典经验主义中的那种“违背观察的”归纳)都可以改变，以达成某种基本需要，即一个没有矛盾的系统，虽然某些情况下，这种改变包括称新观察是一种 “幻觉” 。

　　(句子表面大概懂，含义不懂，具不出例子，摊手。

　　In that case, he argues,

　　any statement or combination of statements

　　(not merely the "offending" generalization, as in classical empiricism)

　　can be altered

　　to achieve the fundamental requirement,

　　a system free of contradictions,

　　even if, in some cases,

　　the alteration consists of

　　labeling the new observation a "hallucination.")

　　1. According to Quine‘s conception of empiricism, if a new observation were to contradict some statement already within our system of knowledge, which of the following would be true?

　　(A) The new observation would be rejected as untrue.

　　(B) Both the observation and the statement in our system that it contradicted would be discarded.

　　(C) New observations would be added to our web of statements in order to expand our system of knowledge.

　　(D) The observation or some part of our web of statements would need to be adjusted to resolve the contradiction.

　　(E) An entirely new field of knowledge would be created.

　　选D

　　A 这是古典经验主义的做法，发现不同就否定归纳。

　　B 错在 both and 和 discarded ，发现不同就扔掉，这不像经验主义，像熊瞎子。

　　C 最大干扰，would be added to our web 说的通，但 expand 与否我们就无法判断了。

　　D 正确项。调整以解决矛盾。

　　E 瞎聊项。

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　2. It can be inferred from the passage that Quine considers classical empiricism to be “overly ‘narrow’ ”for which of the following reasons?

　　A Classical empiricism requires that our system of generalizations be free of contradictions.

　　B Classical empiricism demands that in the case of a contradiction between an individual observation and a generalization, the generalization must be abandoned.

　　C Classical empiricism asserts that every observation will either confirm an existing generalization or initiate a new generalization.

　　选B

　　A 古典经验主义不是 free of contradictions 的，说反了。

　　B 正确项。

　　C 错在 initiate a new generalization，文中没提过这事。

　　我一直有个经验，文段困难的，题目相对明朗;感觉文段读的没什么障碍时，题目反而容易起争论或被误导。

　　以上就是新东方在线GER频道为你带来的GRE阅读题目解析:古典经验主义，更多精彩敬请关注新东方在线GRE频道。

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