GRE阅读考试模拟题及答案解析(8)

　　P1

　　(这是一篇长文章，各种不认识的词形状很接近，容易混淆，线索又多，确实难。然而，如果认真地做这种长文章，一个词一句话地认真翻译文章理解选项，就是在累积自己对GRE阅读的心理优势，做的越多越不怕阅读.就算花一天也要完成——我就是这么劝 pian 自己的。)

　　1

　　Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.

　　很多学说都详细地阐述了湖泊里植食动物的角色，比如浮游动物，会控制浮游藻类(浮游植物)的规模。

　　(

　　zooplankton 浮游动物;

　　planktonic 浮游的;

　　algae 藻类，单数形式 alga;

　　phytoplankton 浮游植物;

　　graze 牛羊等吃草、放牧;

　　grazer 查了几本词典都没有详细解释它，只说它有“放牧者、牧羊人(澳洲)”的意思，但根据语境，显然应该翻译成“吃植物的动物”而不是“放牧的人”。

　　本句 Ch'en Meng 老师译得比较顺，借鉴了 ta 的译法。

　　)

　　2

　　The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.

　　早期的植食者控制论只是基于藻类和浮游动物的数量呈负相关的观察结果。

　　(

　　negative correlations 负相关：一个变量的增加时，总伴随着另一个变量的减少;反之亦然。一起变多或变少叫正相关。

　　)

　　3

　　A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.

　　藻细胞含量少，植食者较多意味着植食者处理掉了大多数藻类，但也不绝对。

　　4

　　The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.

　　一个相反的观察结果是大量浮游植物聚集的区域浮游动物几乎消失， 这启发 H 提出了他的动物排除原理，他假设浮游植物大量聚集时可以产生一种浮游动物驱逐剂。

　　5

　　This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.

　　这是第一次有人提出藻类抵抗被吃的假设。

　　6

　　Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

　　许多早期的研究只考虑到浮游植物采网能够采集的藻类，这种实验流程忽略了体型更小的浮游植物(微型浮游生物)，而我们现在知道它们是浮游动物最爱吃的食物，在后续研究中，这种忽略降低了植食者角色的重要性。

　　7

　　Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.

　　在L，RO 和 RE 的研究中，研究者们更多地开始强调环境因素对藻类数量的控制，比如温度，光线，水流。

　　8

　　These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.

　　这些环境因素更便于现场监测和实验室模拟。

　　9

　　Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.

　　研究者相信浮游动物的摄食行为对藻类数量有影响，特别是浮游植物爆发期尾声增长率下降后，不过这种摄食行为只被看作预测藻类数量动态模型中的一个小因素。

　　10

　　The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.

　　摄食压力对淡水浮游植物的潜在重要性最近才通过实验被认定。

　　11

　　Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.

　　H 和 G 主持的研究，先测量实验室中单独的浮游动物种群进食速率，再用已知的浮游动物种群密度计算出野外总体浮游动物摄食速率，通过这种方式估算出自然条件下浮游动物总体的摄食速率。

　　12

　　The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques.

　　然而，直到借助新的实验技术，野生环境中浮游动物的摄食率最终被测定以前，这些研究者(H 和 G)那种高度基于估算的摄食率都没有获得完全的认同。

　　13

　　Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.

　　通过一个特别设计的喂食器，HN 得以记录自然环境下浮游动物的摄食率。

　　(

　　chamber 一般可以指某个内部封闭空间，卧室、会客室，议事厅、立法院(比喻义)，金库，枪膛，心室。

　　为了不显得可笑，feeding chamber 被模糊地译成了“喂食器”，你懂就好啦。

　　)

　　14

　　In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.

　　浮游动物的繁殖高峰期，也就是春末和夏季，HN 分别记录了浮游动物每日总体摄食率的最大值，营养物质较贫乏的湖域为6.6%，沼泽湖域为114%。

　　15

　　Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.

　　枝角目动物(水蚤类)相比桡足类动物有着较高的摄食率，通常占总摄食率的80%。

　　16

　　These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.

　　这些速率随季节变化，冬季和初春最低。

　　17

　　Haney‘s thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population. (461 words)

　　HN 的全面研究，为浮游动物的摄食行为可以对浮游植物数量造成重要影响提供了可信的田野证据。

　　1. It can be inferred from the passage that the "first theories" of grazer control mentioned in the first paragraph would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to

　　(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions

　　(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research

　　(C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton

　　(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers

　　(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control

　　选D

　　见句 2 。

　　“The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.”

　　最初的研究只关注了二者的负相关关系，没有搞清楚具体的原因和影响，仅有观测结果是构不成因果关系的，也许两者是伴随出现。

　　比如说，我们观察到：某水果市场上苹果多的时候，橘子就少;橘子多时苹果少。二者也构成一种负相关，但可能背后的原因是，某个学校在这个市场上给学生采购午餐水果，每天只买苹果或橘子，如果假定老板清晨购进等量的两种水果，观察结果当然呈现负相关。如果我们仅根据观测结果认为“橘子和苹果互相抑制对方的存在”——就显得很荒谬了。

　　而最初的理论之所以简陋(not convincing)也正因为如此，所以选D。

　　2. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardy‘s principle of animal exclusion?

　　(A) Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents.

　　(B) Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density.

　　(C) Zooplankton population density is higher during some parts of the year than during others.

　　(D) Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton.

　　(E) Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors.

　　选B

　　见句4，5。

　　H 观察到浮游植物多的区域，浮游动物几乎不存在，于是他猜测植物能分泌一种驱逐剂对付动物。

　　题目让我们选一项如果成真的预设，可以用来质疑 H 的这种猜测。

　　B “浮游动物被驱逐与浮游植物的密度无关”。

　　如果B成立，那么意味着在实际观测中，只要有藻类，浮游动物就很少，但这显然与观测结果不符。

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　3. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?

　　□A Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.

　　□B Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient-poor lakes than in bog lakes.

　　□C Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.

　　选AB

　　A 句 15 。

　　B 句 14 。

　　C grazing 和 temperature 确实都跟 controlling the amount of phytoplankton 有关，但是不是 same pressure， 文段中没有提及。

　　4. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to

　　(A) emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton

　　(B) disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers

　　(C) collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration

　　(D) recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net

　　(E) understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton

　　选C

　　见句 6 。

　　首先咱们见见这个东西，浮游生物采网。

　　早期的研究者就是用这类工具采集浮游植物的，然而大概早期实验工具的网眼太大，导致一些微型浮游生物(nannoplankton)会漏出去。

　　那么早期的研究就有这样一个致命的问题，你要证明浮游动物吃浮游植物，但微型浮游植物你采集不了——也就无法测量，而现在我们又知道浮游动物爱吃这些无法测量的家伙，那么你主张的，浮游动物吃通过吃浮游植物并控制它的数量这种理论，是不是就有缺陷了呢? de-emphasis 。

　　所以，选C。

　　5. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments?

　　(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species.

　　(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory.

　　(C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton.

　　(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.

　　(E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species.

　　选E

　　根据句 11 的主干可以选出E项。

　　“Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.”