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GRE双语阅读材料：干细胞治疗与器官再生

2018-04-14 14:55:00来源：网络

　　Beside dealing with the ethical problems of embryonic cells, Dr Yamanaka's induced pluripotent stem cells allow—at least in theory—a treatment to be created from a patient's own body.

　　除了成功躲开了胚胎细胞的伦理问题，山中博士发明的诱导多能干细胞，使得再生医学可以从患者体内提取细胞进行再生治疗。

　　This would have his own genetic make up and would thus not attract the attention of his immune system.

　　这样就可以取得患者自身的基因组合，避免了患者免疫系统的排异反应。

　　Realising such treatments has been fiendishly difficult.

　　要真正实现这种干细胞治疗仍然困难重重，

　　But Dr Takebe's paper in Nature is one of several signs that the Promethean dream is slowly coming to life.

　　但是武部博士发表于《自然》的论文则是人类又一次向解放普罗米修斯迈出了坚实的一步。

　　Budding hope

　　星星之火

　　Clinical trials of pluripotent cells are already happening, though they hark back to the days when only cells derived from embryos were available.

　　多能细胞的临床试验其实早已开始进行，只是这种多能细胞还是由胚胎干细胞所培养。

　　An American firm called Advanced Cell Technology is using them to treat macular degeneration, a cause of blindness.

　　美国先进细胞技术公司正运用多能细胞治疗可能致盲的黄斑变性。

　　Last year it reported promising results in two patients and Gary Rabin, the firm's boss, says tests continue.

　　去年该公司报告了两例有望好转的临床病患，公司老总加里·拉宾也表示，试验仍会继续。

　　Even if this specific approach works, though, it is likely to be overtaken by iPS technology.

　　不过，即使这一临床试验终获成功，也有可能会被iPS技术所取代。

　　The Japanese, not surprisingly, are in the lead.

　　日本在iPS技术方面无疑领先于世界其他各国。

　　Soon, the country's health ministry is expected to approve the first clinical trial of iPS cells, also for macular degeneration.

　　该国卫生部应该不久便会批准iPS细胞的第一例临床试验，同样也是治疗黄斑变性。

　　But ACT is not far behind.

　　然而ACT也并未脱离战队，

　　It hopes to begin a trial of platelets made from iPS cells.

　　该公司希望开始一项iPS细胞培养血小板的试验。

　　And other firms want to treat everything from Parkinson's disease to glaucoma to multiple sclerosis.

　　还有些公司则希望透过iPS技术治疗其他疾病，包括帕金森病、青光眼、多发性硬化等。

　　Academia is pushing ahead as well.

　　学术界则正在进一步地研究iPS技术。

　　Inspired by Dr Yamanaka's work, people are looking for other shortcuts to pluripotency.

　　受到山中教授研究成果的启发，人们纷纷开始探究诱导细胞多能性更为便捷的其他途径。

　　Marius Wernig of Stanford University, for instance, has worked out how to use three proteins to turn connective-tissue cells into neurons.

　　斯坦福大学的马吕斯·维米格就发现了使用三种蛋白质，将结缔组织细胞转化为神经细胞的方法。

　　Deepak Srivastava of the University of California, San Francisco, meanwhile, has shown how to convert connective tissue into heart cells.

　　加州大学旧金山分校的迪帕克·司里瓦斯德瓦则发表了将结缔组织转化为心肌细胞的过程。

　　Other research is going beyond simple cell cultures.

　　还有一些研究就没有局限于简单的细胞培养领域。左使良树任职于神户的理化研究所发育生物学中心。

　　Yoshiki Sasai of the RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology, in Kobe, showed how mouse embryonic stem cells, if mixed with a few appropriate growth factors, quickly form a three-dimensional cluster made of the precursor cells to neurons.

　　他发表论文阐述了老鼠胚胎干细胞在给予一些适当的生长因子后，快速形成一个三维立体簇集物的过程。

　　This cluster then turns into something resembling the back of an eye.

　　而这种簇集物由多种细胞构成，并进而发育成一种类似于眼底结构的组织。

　　Last year Dr Sasai repeated the trick with human cells.

　　去年左使博士使用人类细胞再次重复了这一实验过程。

　　The dream is to make a complex organ from scratch.

　　人们的梦想就是从无到有地创造出一个复杂的器官。

　　With this in mind researchers at Wake Forest University in North Carolina have used a three-dimensional printer to produce an artificial kidney using immature kidney cells.

　　为了实现这个梦想，北卡罗来纳州维克森林大学的研究员们使用三维打印技术，用不成熟的肾脏细胞做出了一个人造肾脏。

　　But if such organs are to work in people, they will need blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients.

　　不过要让这样的肾脏在人体内正常工作，其中还是缺少了用于输送氧气和营养物质的血管。

　　The way to do that might, paradoxically, be for scientists to do less. Instead of making the whole organ in a laboratory, they might create a less-developed form, as Dr Sasai did with his proto-retina, and then leave the rest of the work to the body.

　　如果真要实现这个梦想，科学家可能用不着在肾脏中再造血管—这听起来可能有些自相矛盾—他们其实不必在实验室中造出完整的人体器官。科学家可以先造出还没发育完全的器官试样，然后在活体体内完成剩下的研究工作。

　　This is what Dr Takebe has done with his liver buds.

　　武部博士的肝芽生长研究正是遵照这样的器官再造思路而完成的。

　　He coaxed some iPS cells into becoming liver endodermal cells.

　　他小心地将一些iPS细胞导入合适的肝脏内胚层细胞。

　　He then cultured them with two other cell types: endothelial cells, which make up the inner linings of blood vessels, that were derived from umbilical cord; and mesenchymal stem cells, derived from bone marrow, which can differentiate into several kinds of cells, though not as many as pluripotent cells.

　　然后将这些肝脏内胚层细胞与其他两种细胞一起培养。一种是取自脐带的内皮细胞，这种细胞构成了血管内层;另一种细胞是取自骨髓的间充质干细胞，这种细胞可以分化成多种细胞类型。

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