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GRE双语阅读练习：美国太阳能发电起点低收益高

2018-03-30 14:58:58来源：网络

　　A bigger test will come, when the federal government's solar-investment tax credit drops from 30% to 10% (unless Mr. Obama can convince ConGREss otherwise). Still, says Shayle Kann at GTM, this will be no “death knell”; it will simply eliminate some marginal projects. And by then there may be a revival of Ivanpah-style solar-thermal plants, as energy-storage technologies improve and utility firms look to them to provide steady power throughout the day.

　　更为严峻的挑战将拉开序幕。那时，联邦政府的太阳能投资税收抵免将由现在的30%骤降至10%，除非奥巴马总统能够说服国会不这么做。即便如此，GTM调查机构的Shayle Kann 声称，这也不是太阳能 发电的“死亡钟声”，而仅仅是终止一些边际项目。随后，随着储能技术的发展以及公共事业公司采用这一技术为全天提供稳定的电力，像伊凡帕这样的太阳能热电站还会再次兴盛起来。

　　Yet even if solar power is a boon to consumers, it threatens some utilities. Energy has traditionally been generated centrally, distributed over power lines and sold to consumers .Distributed solar power—generated from rooftop panels—undermines that model (see article).The Edison Electric Institute (EEI), a trade group, warns that distributed generation could do to energy companies what the internet did to newspapers.

　　但是，尽管太阳能电力对消费者有利，它却威胁到其他的公共事业。传统的能源供应是集中式的，通过电线输送到用户家中。分散的太阳能电力是通过人们屋顶的太阳能板发电的，将会颠覆这一传统模式(见文章)。贸易集团爱迪生电力协会警告称，分散发电对能源公司的冲击就如同互联网对新闻报纸产业的冲击一样。

　　Regulations are adapting to this shift: all but seven states have adopted net-metering policies, which credit solar-enabled homes and businesses for the excess energy they feed back into the grid. At least 22 states allow consumers to buy the electricity produced by solar panels that a third party installs on their homes. This lets people take advantage of solar's savings without having to pay the hefty up-front installation costs. In 2013, third-party-owned systems accounted for most solar installations in California, Arizona, Colorado and Massachusetts.

　　立法正在适应这一转向：除了7个州以外其他各州都颁布了电价扣减政策，允许安装了太阳能的家庭和企业在太阳能自足之后将多余的电并入电网。至少22个州允许消费者购买第三方安装在他们屋顶的太阳能电池板产生的电。这使得人们不用支付高额的前期安装费用就能享受到太阳能带来的实惠。2013年，第三方太阳能系统覆盖了加州、亚利桑那州、科罗拉多州及马萨诸塞州太阳能安装业务的几乎全部的份额。

　　Some utilities grumble that customers who benefit from net metering escape the costs of maintaining the grid they depend on. Last year Arizona Public Service, the state's biggest electric firm, urged regulators to slash the savings that new solar customers would derive from net metering. After a fierce campaign their call was rejected, though the regulator approved a small solar surcharge. Georgia Power also proposed a fat tariff; it too was defeated.

　　某些公共事业单位抱怨从电价扣减政策中获益的消费者逃避用于维护他们赖以为继的电网的费用。去年，亚利桑那公共服务公司，盖州最大的电力公司敦促监管者严厉批评新增的太阳能电力消费者通过电价扣减政策而得到的储蓄。经过激烈的争夺，尽管监管者比准了小额的太阳能额外费，他们的呼声最终被驳回。佐治亚电力公司也建议要加重赋税，但也被驳回。

　　Julia Hamm of the Solar Electric Power Association identifies three ways regulators could help utilities cope with these changes. First, they could demand monthly infrastructure fees from solar users. Second, they could list every component of value separately rather than wrapping the cost of infrastructure maintenance, for instance, into usage charges. Third, they could split energy used and consumed into separate transactions, meaning that a solar customer sells all his energy to a utility before buying what he needs.

　　美国太阳能电力协会的Julia Hamm 提出三种解决方案帮助公共事业公司面对当前的变化。第一，公共事业公司每月向太阳能使用者收取基础设施使用费。第二，单独列出每个组件的价值而不是将基础设施维护费均摊到电价中。第三，他们可以将使用的能源和消耗的能源分开处理，即太阳能消费者将其生产的电卖给公共电力公司然后再向他们购买他们需要的电。

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