GRE阅读模拟练习题(225)

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　　The history of the transmission of ancient Roman texts prior to invention of the printing press is reconstructed from evidence both internal and external to the texts themselves. Internal evidence is used to reconstruct the relationship of the surviving manuscripts of Roman text to one another, as represented in a modern stemma codicum: a diagram depicting the genealogicalrelationship of surviving manuscripts and those the stemma’s editor believes existed at one time. Stemmata are scholars’ only road maps to textual connections based on internal evidence, but they may paint a distorted picture of reality because they diagram the relationships of only those manuscripts known or inferred today. If surviving copies are few, the stemma perforce brings into proximity manuscripts that were widely separated in time and place of origin. Conversely, the stemma can also bestow a semblance of separation on manuscripts written within a few months of one another or in the same room.

　　One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Age, when many classical texts were circulated. Too often, though, too much is inferred about a particular work’s circulation in the Middle Ages from the number of manuscripts surviving today. When a work survives in a single manuscriptcopy, editors call the manuscript, rather glamorously, the “lone survivor”—implying that all its (presumably rare) companions were destroyed sometime early in the Middle Ages by pillaging barbarians. It is equally possible that the work survived far into the Middle Ages in numerous copies in monastic libraries but went unnoticed due to lack of interest. The number of extantmanuscripts, however few, really does not allow scholars to infer how many ancient Latin manuscripts of a work survived to the ninth, the twelfth, or even the fifteenth century.

　　Quotations from a Roman text by a medieval author are another category of external evidence: but does the appearance of a rare word or grammatical construction—or even a short passage—really indicate a medieval author’s firsthand knowledge of this or that ancient work, or does such usage instead derive from some intermediate source, such as a grammar book or a popular style manual? Medieval authors do quote extensively from ancient authors; while such quotations provide some evidence of the work’s medieval circulation, as well as define its evolving fortunes and the various uses to which it was put, they may be far less useful in reconstructing the text of ancient work.

　　Much as scholars want to look for overall patterns and formulate useful generalizations, the transmission of each text is different story and each manuscript’s history is unique. Scholars must be careful not to draw conclusions that go beyond what evidence can support.

　　1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

　　A：Tracing certain changes in the methods used to study the transmission of ancient Roman texts.

　　B：Contrasting two type of evidence used in investigating the transmission of ancient Room texts.

　　C：Outlining certain difficulties associated with studying the transmission of ancient Room texts.

　　D：Advocating the use of one type of evidence about ancient Room texts over the use of another type.

　　E：Explaining the development and potential uses and drawback of stemmata in the study of ancient Room texts.

　　答案：C

　　2. As described in the passage, a stemma is most closely analogous to which of the following?

　　A：A department store inventory list that excludes some departments.

　　B：A map from which a large section has been torn off.

　　C：A chronology that includes only major historical events.

　　D：A family tree in which some generations are not recorded.

　　E：A government organizational chart from which some agencies are omitted.

　　答案：D

　　3. In its discussion of external evidence, the passage suggests which of the following about manuscripts of ancient Room texts during the Middle Ages?

　　A：It is possible that fewer manuscripts were destroyed by barbarians in the early Middle Ages than scholars frequently suppose.

　　B：Additional copies of some so-called lone survivor manuscripts may have existed well into the Middle Ages.

　　C：If an ancient Roman text is quoted in word by medieval author, it is likely that at least one manuscript copy of that text survived into the Middle Ages.

　　答案：AB

　　4.Click on the sentence in the first paragraph that suggests that scholars might be led to underestimate the extent of the connection between certain manuscripts.

　　A：Stemmata are scholars’ only road maps to textual connections based on internal evidence, but they may paint a distorted picture of reality because they diagram the relationships of only those manuscripts known or inferred today.

　　B：If surviving copies are few, the stemma perforce brings into proximity manuscripts that were widely separated in time and place of origin.

　　C：Conversely, the stemma can also bestow a semblance of separation on manuscripts written within a few months of one another or in the same room.

　　D：One type of external evidence that may shed light on the transmission of Roman texts is the availability of a work in the Middle Age, when many classical texts were circulated.

　　E：while such quotations provide some evidence of the work’s medieval circulation, as well as define its evolving fortunes and the various uses to which it was put, they may be far less useful in reconstructing the text of ancient work.

　　答案：C

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