GRE阅读模拟在线练习附答案二百六十七

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　　Defenders of special protective labor legislation forwomen often maintain that eliminating such lawswould destroy the fruits of a century-long strugglefor the protection of women workers. Even a briefexamination of the historic practice of courts andemployers would show that the fruit of such laws hasbeen bitter: they are , in practice, more of a cursethan a blessing.

　　Sex-defined protective laws have often been based on stereotypical assumptions concerningwomen's needs and abilities, and employers have frequently used them as legal excuses fordiscriminating against women.After the Second World War, for example, businesses andgovernment sought to persuade women to vacate jobs in factories, thus making room in thelabor force for returning veterans. The revival or passage of state laws limiting the daily orweekly work hours of women conveniently accomplished this. Employers had only to declarethat overtime hours were a necessary condition of employment or promotion in their factory, and women could be quite legally fired,refused jobs, or kept at low wage levels, all in the nameof "protecting" their health. By validating such laws when they are challenged by lawsuits, thecourts have colluded over the years in establishing different, less advant-ageous employmentterms for women than for men, thus reducing women's competitiveness on the job market. Atthe same time, even the most well-intentioned lawmakers, courts, and employers have oftenbeen blind to the real needs of women. The law makers and the courts continue to permitemployers to offer employee health insurance plans that cover all known human medicaldisabilities except those relating to pregnancy and childbirth.

　　Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting theworkers who are actually in the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose repro-ductiverisks for women of child-bearing years; manufacturers using the chemicals comply with lawsprotecting women against these hazards by refusing to hire them.Thus the sex-definedlegislation protects the hypothetical female worker, but has no effect whatever on the safetyof any actual employee.The health risks to male employees in such industries cannot benegligible,since chemicals toxic enough to cause birth defects in fetuses or sterility in womenare presumably harmful to the human metabolism. Protective laws aimed at changingproduction materials or techniques in order to reduce such hazards would benefit allemployees without discriminating against any.

　　In sum, protective labor laws for women are discriminatory and do not meet their intendedpurpose. Legislators should recognize that women are in thework force to stay, and that theirneeds-good health care, a decent wage,and a safe workplace-are the needs of all workers, Laws that ignore these facts violate women's rights for equal protection in employment.

　　According to the author, which of the following resulted from the passage or revivalof state laws limiting the work hours of women workers?

　　A.Women workers were compelled to leave their jobs in factories.

　　B.Many employers had difficulty in providing jobs for returning veterans.

　　C.Many employers found it hard to attract women workers.

　　D.The health of most women factory workers improved.

　　E.Employment practices that addressed the real needs of women workers became common.

　　The author places the word “protecting” in quotation marks in line 21 most likely inorder to suggest that

　　A.she is quoting the actual wording of the laws in question

　　B.the protective nature of the laws in question should not be overlooked

　　C.protecting the health of workers is important to those who support protective labor laws

　　D.the laws in question were really used to the detriment of women workers, despite beingovertly protective in intent

　　E.the health of workers is not in need of protection, even in jobs where many hours ofovertime work are required

　　The passage suggests that which of the following is a shortcoming of protective laborlaws that single out a particular group of workers for protection?

　　A.Such laws are often too weak to be effective at protecting the group in question.

　　B.Such laws are usually drafted by legislators who, do not have the best interests of workers atheart.

　　C.Such laws exert no pressure on employers to eliminate hazards in the workplace.

　　D.Compliance with such laws is often costly for employers and provokes lawsuits by employeesclaiming discrimination.

　　E.Employer compliance with such laws results in increased tension among workers on thejob, because such laws unfairly privilege one group of employees over another.

　　According to the first paragraph of the passage, the author considers which of thefollowing to be most helpful in determining the value of special protective laborlegislation for women?

　　A.A comparative study of patterns of work-related illnesses in states that had such laws and instates that did not

　　B.An estimate of how many women workers are in favor of such laws

　　C.An analysis of the cost to employers of complying with such laws

　　D.A consideration of what intentions the advocates of such laws really had concerning womenworkers

　　E.An examination of the actual effects that such laws have had in the past on women workers

　　The main point of the passage is that special protective labor laws for womenworkers are

　　A.unnecessary because most workers are well protected by existing labor laws

　　B.harmful to the economic interests of women workers while offering them little or no actualprotection

　　C.not worth preserving even though they do represent a hard-won legacy of the labormovement

　　D.controversial because male workers receive less protection than they require

　　E.inadequate in that they often do not prevent employers from exposing women workers tomany health hazards

　　The author implies that which of the following is characteristic of many employeehealth insurance plans?

　　A.They cover all the common medical conditions affecting men, but only some of those affectingwomen.

　　B.They lack the special provisions for women workers that proposed special labor laws forwomen would provide.

　　C.They pay the medical costs associated with pregnancy and childbirth only for the spouses ofmale employees, not for female employees.

　　D.They meet minimum legal requirements, but do not adequately safeguard the health ofeither male or female employees.

　　E.They have recently been improved as a result of the passage of new labor laws, but continueto exclude coverage of certain uncommon medical conditions affecting women.

　　According to the passage, special labor laws protecting women workers tendgenerally to have which of the following effects?

　　A.They tend to modify the stereotypes employees often hold concerning women.

　　B.They increase the advantage to employers of hiring men instead of women, making it lesslikely that women will be hired.

　　C.They decrease the likelihood that employers will offer more protection to women workersthan that which is absolutely required by law.

　　D.They increase the tendency of employers to deny health insurance and disability plans towomen workers.

　　E.They have little impact of any kind on women workers, since typically very few women areemployed in those classes of jobs covered by the laws.

　　正确答案:A D C E B A B

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