GRE阅读模拟在线练习附答案二百六十三

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　　The Fourteenth Amendment to the United StatesConstitution, ratified in 1868,prohibits stategovernments from denying citizens the "equalprotection of the laws." Although precisely what theframers of the amendment meant by this equalprotection clause remains unclear, all interpretersagree that the framers' immediate objective wasto provide a constitutional warrant for the CivilRights Act of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship of all persons born in the United Statesand subject to United States jurisdiction. This declaration, which was echoed in the text of theFourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court's ruling in DredScott v.Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. The act wasvetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who argued that the Thirteenth Amendment, whichabolished slavery, did not provide Congress with the authority to extend citizenship and equalprotection to the freed slaves. Although Congress promptly overrode Johnson'sveto,supporters of the act sought to ensure its constitutional foundations with the passage ofthe Fourteenth Amendment.The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that itsframers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rightsbut a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individualas a member of an inferior class. Yet for the first eight decades of the amendment's existence, the Supreme Court's interpretation of the amendment betrayed this ideal of equality. In theCivil Rights Cases of 1883, for example, the Court invented the "state action" limitation, whichasserts that "private" decisions by owners of public accommodations and other commercialbusinesses to segregate their facilities are insulated from the reach of the FourteenthAmendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law.

　　After the Second World War, a judicial climate more hospitable to equal protection claimsculminated in the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that raciallysegregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Twodoctrines embraced by the Supreme Court during this period extended the amendment'sreach. First, the Court required especially strict scrutiny of legislation that employed a"suspect classification," meaning discrimination against a group on grounds that could beconstrued as racial. This doctrine has broadened the application of the FourteenthAmendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refusedto find, any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, mosthave been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations. sexualDiscrimination in particular, are "suspect" and deserve this heightened scrutiny by thecourts. Second, the Court relaxed the state action limitation on the Fourteenth Amendmentbringing new forms of private conduct within the amendment's reach.

　　Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?

　　A.By presenting a list of specific rights, framers of the Fourteenth Amendment wereattempting to provide a constitutional basis for broad judicial protection of the principle ofequal citizenship

　　B.Only after the Supreme Court adopted the suspect classification approach to reviewingpotentially discriminatory legislation was the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendmentextended to include sexual discrimination.

　　C.Not until after the Second World War did the Supreme Court begin to interpret theFourteenth Amendment in a manner consistent with the principle of equal citizenship that itexpresses.

　　D.Interpreters of the Fourteenth Amendment have yet to reach consensus with regard to whatits framers meant by the equal protection clause.

　　E.Although the reluctance of judges to extend the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment tononracial discrimination has betrayed the principle of equal citizenship, the Supreme Court'suse of the state action limitation to insulate private activity from the amendment's reach hasbeen more harmful.

　　The passage suggests that the principal effect of the state action limitation was to

　　A.allow some discriminatory practices to continue unimpeded by the Fourteenth Amendment

　　B.influence the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v, Board of Education

　　C.provide expanded guidelines describing prohibited actions

　　D.prohibit states from enacting laws that violated the intent of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

　　E.shift to state governments the responsibility for enforcement of laws prohibitingdiscriminatory practices

　　The author's position regarding the intent of the framers of the FourteenthAmendment would be most seriously undermined if which of the following were true?

　　A.The framers had anticipated state action limitations as they are described in the passage.

　　B.The framers had merely sought to prevent discriminatory acts by federal officials.

　　C.The framers were concerned that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 would be overturned by theSupreme Court.

　　D.The framers were aware that the phrase “equal protection of the laws” had broadimplications.

　　E.The framers believed that racial as well as non-racial forms of discrimination wereunacceptable.

　　According to the passage, the original proponents of the Fourteenth Amendment wereprimarily concerned with

　　A.detailing the rights afforded by the principle of equal citizenship

　　B.providing support in the Constitution for equal protection for all citizens of the United States

　　C.closing a loophole that could be used to deny individuals the right to sue for enforcement oftheir civil rights

　　D.asserting that the civil rights protected by the Constitution included nonracial discriminationas well as racial discrimination

　　E.granting state governments broader discretion in interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1866

　　The author implies that the Fourteenth Amendment might not have been enacted if

　　A.Congress' authority with regard to legislating civil rights had not been challenged

　　B.the framers had anticipated the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education

　　C.the framers had believed that it would be used in deciding cases of discrimination involvingnon-racial groups

　　D.most state governments had been willing to protect citizens' civil rights

　　E.its essential elements had not been implicit in the Thirteenth Amendment

　　According to the passage, which of the following most accurately indicates thesequence of the events listed below?I. Civil Rights Act of 1866 II. Dred Scott v. Sandford III. Fourteenth Amendment IV. Veto by President Johnson

　　A.I, II, III, IV

　　B.I, IV, II, III

　　C.I, IV, III, II

　　D.II, I, IV, III

　　E.III, II, I, IV

　　Which of the following can be inferred about the second of the two doctrines referredto in lines 39-41 of the passage?

　　A.It caused some justices to rule that all types of discrimination are prohibited by theConstitution.

　　B.It shifted the focus of the Supreme Court from racial to nonracial discrimination.

　　C.It narrowed the concern of the Supreme Court to legislation that employed a suspectclassification.

　　D.It caused legislators who were writing new legislation to reject language that could beconstrued as permitting racial discrimination.

　　E.It made it more difficult for commercial businesses to practice racial discrimination.

　　正确答案:C A B B A D E

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