GRE阅读模拟在线练习附答案二百五十

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　　Many objects in daily use have clearly beeninfluenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, weredetermined by technologists artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers---using non-scientificmodes of thought. Many features and qualities of theobjects that a technologist thinks about cannot bereduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; theyare dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Westerntechnology, it has been non- verbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filledin the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not becauseof geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of thosewho built them. The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearlyevery artifact that exists. For exam- ple, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist mightimpress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using anintuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the com- bustionchamber? Where should the valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Suchquestions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such aswall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientificcomponent of design remains primary.

　　Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbalthinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-tradeof the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail "hardthinking," nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development ofcognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxicalthat when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings madeof machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of Americanengineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engi- neeringstudents, but rather students attending architectural schools.

　　It courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide thebackground required for practical problem- solving, are not provided, we can expect toencounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable tooperate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd randomfailures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are areflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem inmathematics.

　　In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

　　A.identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologists

　　B.stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design

　　C.proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technology

　　D.contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists

　　E.criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula

　　It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are

　　A.strengthened when they include courses in design

　　B.weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to developmathematical skills

　　C.strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the courses

　　D.strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development ofautomatic control systems

　　E.strong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinking

　　Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of lines 1-28 of thepassage?

　　A.When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equippedto repair it.

　　B.Each component of an automobile—for example, the engine or the fuel tank—has a ahapethat has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that component's function

　　C.A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbalthought

　　D.The designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators beforedeciding on its final form.

　　E.The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer's conceptualization aswell as the physical requirements of its site.

　　Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to thepassage?

　　A.The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technological developments must bederived from science ignores the many non-scientific decisions made by technologists.

　　B.Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the success of technologicaldevelopment.

　　C.As knowledge of technology has increased, the tendency has been to lose sight of theimportant role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form, arrangement, andtexture.

　　D.A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician's degree reflects a demand forgraduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common amongengineers.

　　E.A technologist thinking about a machine, reasoning through the successive steps in adynamic process, can actually turn the machine over mentally.

　　The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record"para-doxical" (lines 36-37) most probably because

　　A.he publication needed drawings that its own staff could not make

　　B.architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students

　　C.college students were qualified to make the drawings while practicing engineers were not

　　D.the drawings needed were so complicated that even students in architectural schools haddifficulty making them.

　　E.engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record thedevelopment of their own discipline

　　According to the passage, random failures in automatic control systems are "notmerely trivial aberrations" (lines53) because

　　A.automatic control systems are designed by engineers who have little practical experience inthe field

　　B.the failures are characteristic of systems designed by engineers relying too heavily onconcepts in mathematics

　　C.the failures occur too often to be taken lightly

　　D.designers of automatic control systems have too little training in the analysis ofmechanical difficulties

　　E.designers of automatic control systems need more help from scientists who have a betterunderstanding of the analytical problems to be solved before such systems can workefficiently

　　The author uses the example of the early models of high-speed railroad cars primarilyto

　　A.weaken the argument that modern engineering systems have major defects because of anabsence of design courses in engineering curricula

　　B.support the thesis that the number of errors in modern engineering systems is likely toincrease

　　C.illustrate the idea that courses in design are the most effective means for reducing the costof designing engineering systems

　　D.support the contention that a lack of attention to the nonscientific aspects of design resultsin poor conceptualization by engineers

　　E.weaken the proposition that mathematics is a necessary part of the study of design

　　正确答案:B A E A E B D

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