GRE阅读考试模拟题及答案解析(2)

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　　GRE阅读考试模拟题及答案解析(2)

　　P1

　　Many critics of Eamily Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confirmation.

　　Seeing the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel‘s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts.

　　Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts.

　　However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel‘s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing.

　　This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.

　　In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet. (164 words)

　　1. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?

　　(A) The second part has received more attention from critics.

　　(B) The second part has little relation to the first part.

　　(C) The second part annuls the force of the first part.

　　(D) The second part provides less substantiation for a ―romantic‖ reading.

　　(E)The second part is better because it is more realistic.

　　2. Which of the following inferences about Henry James‘s awareness of novelistic construction is best supported by the passage?

　　(A) James, more than any other novelist, was aware of the difficulties of novelistic construction.

　　(B) James was very aware of the details of novelistic construction.

　　(C) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction derived from his reading of Bronte.

　　(D) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction has led most commentators to see unity in his individual novels.

　　(E) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction precluded him from violating the unity of his novels.

　　3. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that an interpretation of a novel should

　　(A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the novel

　　(B) not be inflexible in its treatment of the elements in the novel

　　(C) not argue that the complex use of narrators or of time shifts indicates a sophisticated structure

　　(D) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of the novel that are outside the novel‘s main structure

　　(E) primarily consider those elements of novelistic construction of which the author of the novel was aware

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　4. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about Hamlet?

　　□A Hamlet has usually attracted critical interpretations that tend to stiffen into theses.

　　□B Hamlet has elements that are not amenable to an all-encompassing critical interpretation.

　　□C Hamlet is less open to an all-encompassing critical interpretation than is Wuthering Heights.

　　P2

　　The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals.

　　However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.

　　Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate matter, ultimately derived from photosynthesis, falling from above.

　　The food supplies necessary to sustain the large vent communities, however, must be many times the ordinary fallout.

　　The first reports describing vent faunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition: bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteria using energy derived from chemical changes, and advection, the drifting of food materials from surrounding regions.

　　Later, evidence in support of the idea of intense local chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfide was found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria were found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of vent water thought to be pure.

　　This final observation seemed decisive.

　　If such astonishing concentrations of bacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within the vent would dwarf any contribution from advection.

　　Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached that bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for hydrothermal-vent food chains—an exciting prospect because no other communities on Earth are independent of photosynthesis.

　　There are, however, certain difficulties with this interpretation.

　　For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources.

　　This suggests that bacterial chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for these creatures.

　　Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers” – vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350°C.

　　No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there.

　　Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas.

　　It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria that grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.

　　Nonetheless, advection is a more likely alternative food source.

　　Research has demonstrated that advective flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents.

　　Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic material would be advected into the vent area.

　　Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day.

　　In addition, it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents. (479 words)

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　5. The passage provides information for answering which of the following questions EXCEPT?

　　□A What causes warm-water vents to form?

　　□B What role does hydrogen sulfide play in chemosynthesis?

　　□C Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?

　　6. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent habitats have which of the following characteristics?

　　(A) They do not normally feed on particles of food in the water.

　　(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas.

　　(C) They are predators.

　　(D) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic food source.

　　(E) They congregate around a single main food source.

　　7. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author implies that vents are colonized by some of the same animal found in other areas of the ocean floor, which might be a weakness for the bacterial chemosynthesis model.

　　8. The author refers to "smokers" in the third paragraph most probably in order to

　　(A) show how thermal shock can provide food for some vent faunas by stunning small animals

　　(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is limited to warm-water vents

　　(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis

　　(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for the lack of food sources on the seafloor

　　(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an inadequate source of food for some vent faunas

　　P3

　　Ragtime is a musical form that synthesizes folk melodies and musical techniques into a brief quadrille-like structure, designed to be played — exactly as written — on the piano.

　　A strong analogy exists between European composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edward Grieg, and Anton Dvorak who combined folk tunes and their own original materials in larger compositions and the pioneer ragtime composers in the United States.

　　Composers like Scott Joplin and James Scott were in a sense collectors or musicologists, collecting dance and folk music in Black communities and consciously shaping it into brief suites or anthologies called piano rags. (100 words)

　　9. Which of the following is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character to a ragtime composition as described in the passage?

　　(A) Symphonic music derived from complex jazz motifs

　　(B) An experimental novel based on well-known cartoon characters

　　(C) A dramatic production in which actors invent scenes and improvise lines

　　(D) A ballet whose disciplined choreography is based on folk-dance steps

　　(E) A painting whose abstract shapes evoke familiar objects in a natural landscape

　　P4

　　Geologists have long known that the Earth‘s mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved — is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous?

　　The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.

　　Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)

　　percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids‘ pathways.

　　We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key. (157 words)

　　10. According to the passage, it is believed that oceanic islands are formed from

　　(A) the same material as mantle xenoliths

　　(B) the same material as the midocean ridge system

　　(C) volcanic rocks from the upper mantle

　　(D) incompatible elements percolating up from the lower mantle

　　(E) mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　11. It can be inferred from the passage that the supporters of the "layered-mantle" theory believe which of the following?

　　□A The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are composed of material derived from the lower part of the mantle.

　　□B The materials of which volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and midocean ridges are composed are typical of the layers from which they are thought to originate.

　　□C The differences in composition between volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and the midocean ridges are a result of different concentrations of incompatible elements.

　　12. In the context of the passage, "unimaginatively" is closest in meaning to

　　(A) pedestrian

　　(B) controversial

　　(C) unrealistic

　　(D) novel

　　(E) paradoxical

　　P5

　　Scientists have sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings.

　　These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle's past existence. (45 words)

　　13. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring thickness to locate possible links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate are based on which of the following assumptions?

　　(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period in which the tree rings grew.

　　(B) The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term weather pat terns.

　　(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.

　　(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflect changes in terrestrial climate.

　　(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness.