2015年GRE考试阅读理解每日练-19

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　　Exercise 15

　　Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.

　　Typically the queen honeybee is mother to all the bees in a hive; after mating with several male drones from other colonies, she lays fertilized eggs that develop into Line all-female worker bees and lays unfertilized eggs that become all-male drones. According to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitness --or ability to propagate her genes-by hatching her own eggs in addition to or in place of the queen's. But a typical worker's fitness would be diminished if other workers' sons, who have less genetic material in common with the worker, supplanted the queen's sons (the worker's brothers). Researchers, testing the hypothesis that workers usually somehow block each other's attempts to reproduce, put unfertilized eggs laid by workers and by the queen into a hive. Other workers quickly devoured the workers' eggs while leaving the queen's eggs alone.

　　1. Select the sentence that is used as evidence that workers worker bees are capable of thwarting each other's attempts to reproduce.

　　2. The inner workings in a honeybee hive that regulate reproduction, as they are described in the passage, are most similar to which of the following types of human societies?

　　(A) A totalitarian society in which citizens' "policing" of each other's actions helps to maintain the status quo.

　　(B) A pacifist state in which the individuals are strongly opposed to the use of violence or aggression to settle disputes.

　　(C) A democratic society in which the voice of the majority rules.

　　(D) A parliamentary society in which a few members, organized as a cabinet wield executive power.

　　(E) An anarchic state in which order and stable social structures are lacking

　　3. The passage best supports which of the following inferences about the fitness of honeybees?

　　(A) Reproduction diminishes any individual honey-bee's fitness.(源于www.xiaoma.com)

　　(B) An individual worker's fitness can be maintained without the individual herself reproducing.

　　(C) A hierarchy of stronger and weaker individuals among the worker bees determines which individuals will reproduce when a queen dies.

　　(D) While a queen reigns, the fitness of the worker bees is increased and that of the drones is diminished.

　　(E) Fitness encourages worker bees to hatch honeybee eggs without regard for the relatedness of the young to the "parent".

　　Questions 4 and 5 are based on the following reading passage.

　　The complications frequently accompanying diabetes, such as impairment of vision and of kidney function, are now thought to result from the lack of continuous control of blood glucose concentrations. The healthy pancreas, in response to increases in blood glucose concentration, releases small quantities of insulin throughout the day and thereby maintains the concentration within physiological limits (normoglycemia). But the diabetic generally receives only one large dose daily. The diabetic‘s blood glucose concentration can thus fluctuate greatly during the interval between doses, and it has been suggested that the complications result from the periods of high concentrations of blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Many investigators thus believe that restoration of normoglycemia might halt the progression of such complications and perhaps even reverse them.

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　4. The author provides information that would answer which of the following questions?

　　□ A What is hyperglycemia?

　　□ B What is one cause of hyperglycemia?

　　□ C What are some of the organs that can be adversely affected by hyperglycemia?

　　5. Select the sentence that shows the cause of radical changes in the diabetic‘s blood glucose concentration.

　　Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following reading passage.

　　The success of fluoride in combating dental decay is well established and, without a doubt, socially beneficial. However, fluoride's toxic properties have been known for a century. In humans excessive intake (for adults, over 4 milligrams per day) over many years can lead to skeletal fluorosis, a well-defined skeletal disorder, and in some plant species, fluoride is more toxic than ozone, sulfur dioxide, or pesticides.

　　Some important questions remain. For example, the precise lower limit at which the fluoride content of bone becomes toxic is still undetermined. And while fluoride intake from water and air can be evaluated relatively easily, it is much harder to estimate how much a given population ingests from foodstuffs because of the wide variations in individual eating habits and in fluoride concentrations in foodstuffs.(www.xiaoma.com)

　　6. The passage suggests that it would be easier to calculate fluoride intake from food if

　　○ A adequate diets were available for most people.

　　○ B individual eating habits were more uniform

　　○ C the fluoride content of food was more varied

　　○ D more people were aware of the fluoride content of food

　　○ E methods for measuring the fluoride content of food were more generally agreed on

　　7. One function of the second paragraph of the passage is to

　　○ A raise doubts about fluoride's toxicity

　　○ B introduce the issue of fluoride's toxicity

　　○ C differentiate a toxic from a nontoxic amount of fluoride

　　○ D indicate that necessary knowledge of fluoride remains incomplete

　　○ E discuss the foodstuffs that are most likely to contain significant concentrations of fluoride

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　8.The passage suggests which of the following about the effect of fluoride on humans?

　　□ A The effect of fluoride intake from water and air is relatively difficult to monitor.

　　□ B An intake of 4 milligrams over a long period of time usually leads to a skeletal disorder in humans.

　　□ C An intake of slightly more than 4 milligrams for only a few months is not likely to be life-threatening.

　　Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following reading passage.

　　In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the Line February Days, as this revolt is called, have been largely ignored by social historians of the past two decades. For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century Paris—July 1830, June 1843, and May 1871----there exists at least a sketch of participants' backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the reasons for the occurrence of the uprisings. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.

　　Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious. First, the insurrection of February has been overshadowed by that of June. The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama. Its successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as marking a historical departure. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. Second, like other "successful" insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most desirable kinds of historical records. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities‘ efforts to search out and punish the rebels. Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848.(from：www.xiaoma.com)

　　Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities. Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or in rare cases, of celebratory articles in contemporary periodicals. And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　9. According to the passage, a useful description of participants"(lines 11-12) exists for which of the following insurrections of nineteenth-century France?

　　□ A The July insurrection of 1830

　　□ B The February Revolution of 1848

　　□ C The May insurrection of 1871

　　10. Which of the following, best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

　　○ A The thesis of the passage is stated and supporting evidence systematically presented.

　　○ B Two views regarding the thesis presented in the first paragraph are compared and contrasted

　　○ C Evidence refuting the thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically presented.

　　○ D The thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically supported.

　　○ E The thesis presented in the first paragraph is further defined and a conclusion drawn.

　　11. Which of the following can be inferred about the "detailed judicial dossiers" referred to in line 50?

　　○ A Information contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a revolution's participants.

　　○ B The dossiers closely resemble the narratives written by the revolution's leaders in their personal memoirs.

　　○ C The information that such dossiers contain is untrustworthy and unrepresentative of a revolution's participants.

　　○ D Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed.

　　○ E The February Revolution of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection.

　　12. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made (lines 38-39) ?

　　○ A The February Revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830.

　　○ B The backgrounds and motivations of participants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, however cursorily.

　　○ C Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848.

　　○ D Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.

　　○ E The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance of the February Revolution of 1848.

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