2015年GRE考试阅读理解每日练-18

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　　Exercise 14

　　For each of Questions 1-3, select one answer choice unless otherwise instructed.

　　Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.

　　Paule Marshall's Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and Line tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman's search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine's development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970's.

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　1. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being

　　A highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century

　　B important in the late 1950's but dated today

　　C an important influence on novels written in the1970's

　　2. According to the passage, Hurston, Brooks, and Marshall are alike in that they

　　A did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters' lives

　　B were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century

　　C used Black communities as the settings for their novels.

　　D wrote primarily about the difficulties their char- acters encountered in White culture

　　E wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women

　　3. The author‘s description of the way in which Marshall depicts her heroine's development is most probably intended to

　　A continue the discussion of similarities in the works of Brooks, Hurston, and Marshall

　　B describe the specific racial and sexual stereo- types that Marshall attacked

　　C contrast the characters in Marshall's novels with those in later works(源于www.xiaoma.com)

　　D show how Marshall extends the portrayal of character initiated by her predecessors

　　E compare themes in Marshall's early work with themes in her later novels

　　Question 4 is based on the following reading passage.

　　Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloy‘s metal component agreed fairly well with the experimentally determined Line values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid, such as alloys of palladium and silicon, or alloys consisting of iron, phosphorus, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. One difference between real alloys and the hard spheres used in Bernal models is that the components of an alloy have different sizes, so that models based on two sizes of spheres are more appropriate for a binary alloy, for example. The smaller metalloid atoms of the alloy might fit into holes in the dense, random-packed structure of the larger metal atoms.

　　4. The author's speculation about the appropriateness of models using spheres of two sizes for binary alloys would be strongly supported if models using spheres of two sizes yielded

　　A values for density identical to values yielded by one-sphere models using the smaller spheres only

　　B values for density agreeing nearly perfectly with experimentally determined values

　　C values for density agreeing nearly perfectly with values yielded by models using spheres of three sizes

　　D significantly different values for density depending on the size ratio between the two kinds of spheres used

　　E the same values for density as the values for appropriately chosen models that use only medium-sized spheres

　　Questions 5 and 6 are based on the following reading passage.

　　One of the principal themes of Walzer's critique of liberal capitalism is that it is insufficiently egalitarian. Walzer's case against the economic inequality generated by Line capitalism and in favor of "a radical redistribution of wealth" is presented in a widely cited essay entitled "In Defense of Equality." The most striking feature of Walzer's critique is that, far from rejecting the principle of reward according to merit, Walzer insists on its validity. People who excel should receive the superior benefits appropriate to their excellence. But people exhibit a great variety of qualities—"intelligence, physical strength, agility and grace, artistic creativity, mechanical skill, leadership, endurance, memory, psychological insight, the capacity for hard work—even moral strength, sensitivity, the ability to express compassion."Each deserves its proper recompense, and hence a proper distribution of material goods should reflect human differences as measured on all these different scales. Yet, under capitalism, the ability to make money ("the green thumb of bourgeois society") enables its possessor to acquire almost "every other sort of social good," such as the respect and esteem of others. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　5.The passage provides sufficient information to answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?

　　A What weight in relation to other qualities should a quality like sensitivity have, according to Walzer, in determining the proper distribution of goods?

　　B Which quality does Walzer deem too highly valued under liberal capitalism?

　　C Which are the social goods that are, according to Walzer, outside the reach of the power of money?

　　6. The author implies that Walzer's interpretation of the principle of reward according to merit is distinctive for its

　　A insistence on maximizing everyone's rewards

　　B emphasis on equality

　　C proven validity(www.xiaoma.com)

　　D broad conception of what constitutes merit

　　E broad conception of what constitutes a reward

　　Questions 7 to 9 are based on the following reading passage.

　　National character is not formally considered by social scientists in discussing economic and social development today. They believe that people differ and Line that these differences should be taken into account somehow, but they have as yet discovered no way to include such variables in their formal models of economic and social development. The difficulty lies in the nature of the data that supposedly define different national characters. Anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation-state composed of many disparate groups. The situation is further complicated by the nature of judgments about character; since such judgments are overly dependent on impressions and since, furthermore, impressions are usually stated in qualitative terms, it is impossible to make a reliable comparison between the national characters of two countries.

　　7. The author's main point in the passage is that national character

　　A is too elusive to merit attention by anthropologists and other social scientists.

　　B is of greater interest to social scientists today than it has been in the past.

　　C is still too difficult to describe with the precision required by many social scientists.

　　D has become increasingly irrelevant because of the complexity of modern lift.

　　E can be described more accurately by anthropologists than by other social scientists.

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　8. It can be inferred from the passage that the social scientists mentioned in the first two sentences would agree with which of the following statements?

　　A It is extremely difficult to create models that account for both economic and social development

　　B Models of economic and social development would be improved by the inclusion of adequate descriptions of national character.

　　C it is important to supplement formal models of economic and social development with qualitative impressions of national character.

　　9. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

　　A A problem is presented and reasons for its existence are supplied.

　　B A controversial view is presented and evidence for its validity is supplied.

　　C A hypothesis is presented and possible means of verifying it are suggested.

　　D A recent development is described and then analyzed.

　　E A dispute is summarized and one side defended.(from:www.xiaoma.com)

　　Questions 10 and 11 are based on the following reading passage.

　　It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought. However, all that is visible of the constituents of the Milky Way's corona (outer edge), where much of the galaxy's mass must be located, is a tiny fraction of the corona's mass. Thus, most of the Milky Way's outlying matter must be dark.

　　Why? Three facts are salient. First, dwarf galaxies and globular clusters, into which most of the stars of the Milky Way's corona are probably bound, consist mainly of old stars. Second, old stars are not highly luminous. Third, no one has detected in the corona the clouds of gaseous matter such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide that are characteristic of the bright parts of a galaxy.

　　10. The passage as a whole is primarily concerned with

　　(A) analyzing a current debate

　　(B) criticizing a well-established theory

　　(C) showing how new facts support a previously dismissed hypothesis

　　(D) stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it

　　(E) contrasting two types of phenomena and showing how they are related

　　11. Select the sentence that the author implicitly indicates what astronomers believed about the Milky way until fairly recently.

　　Question 12 is based on the following reading passage.

　　In electrides, the anions (negative ions) are completely replaced by electrons, which are trapped in naturally formed cavities within a framework of regularly stacked cations (positive ions). Unlike other types of anions, anionic electrons do not behave as if they were simple charged spheres. The properties of an electride depend largely on the distance between the cavities that hold trapped electrons. When the trapped electrons are far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like an array of isolated negative charges. When they are closer together, they begin to display properties associated with large ensembles of identical particles. When they are still closer, the ensemble properties dominate and the electrons "delocalize".

　　12. It can be inferred from the passage that an electride　behaves most like a normal ionic crystal when the　electride has which of the following features?

　　(A) The anionic cavities are widely separated.

　　(B) All of the trapped electrons are able to delocalize.

　　(C) The trapped electrons are liberated by　impinging photons.

　　(D) The ions are tightly packed together.

　　(E) Most of the cations have lost their electrical charge.

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