2015年GRE考试阅读理解每日练-8

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　　It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusion power is free of radioactivity; in fact, the deuterium- tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currently　Line exploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles and neutrons. (The neutrons are used to produce tritium from a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.)　Another common misconception is that nuclear fusion power is a virtually unlimited source of energy because of the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea. Actually, its limits are set by the amount of available lithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium in the　Earth‘s crust. Research should certainly continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has proven practical. (122 words)

　　1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about the current state of public awareness concerning nuclear fusion power?

　　(A) The public has been deliberately misinformed about the advantages and disadvantages of　nuclear fusion power.

　　(B) The public is unaware of the principal advantage of nuclear fusion over nuclear fission as an energy source.

　　(C) The public‘s awareness of the scientific　facts concerning nuclear fusion power is somewhat distorted and incomplete.

　　(D) The public is not interested in increasing its awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion power.

　　(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages of nuclear fusion power but not of its advantages.

　　For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

　　2. The passage provides information that would answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?

　　 A How much incidental radiation is produced in the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?

　　 B What is likely to be the principal source of deuterium for nuclear fusion power?

　　 C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-　tritium fusion reaction with such zeal

　　Roger Rosenblatt‘s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its　subject, successfully alters the approach taken by　Line most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle‘s recent　work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in　ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt‘s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of　Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?　Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of　chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture　of rebel against it.

　　Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt‘s thematic analysis permits considerable　objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his　intention to judge the merit of the various works—yet his　reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt　to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of,　or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In　addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer‘s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the　prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black　heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more　naturalistic modes of expression?　In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and　worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety　of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some　fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson‘s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid　style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

　　3. The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it

　　(A) emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction

　　(B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction

　　(C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction

　　(D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction

　　(E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction

　　4. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

　　(A) evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism

　　(B) comparing various critical approaches to a subject

　　(C) discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism

　　(D) summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism

　　(E) explaining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism

　　5. The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt

　　(A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction

　　(B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black　authors

　　(C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history

　　(D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition

　　(E) assessed the relative literary merit of the　novels he analyzes thematically

　　6. The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnson‘s Autobiography of an Ex Colored Man most probably in order to

　　(A) point out affinities between Rosenblatt‘s method of thematic analysis and earlier　criticism

　　(B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage

　　(C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt‘s book made in the first paragraph of the passage

　　(D) illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatt‘s literary analysis

　　(E) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt‘s work

　　The transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean　to the air above it depends on a disequilibrium at the　interface of the water and the air. Within about a　Line millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated with　water vapor. But the differences, however small, are　crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near　the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically　appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content. The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends　on the wind for its energy. As wind speed increases, so　does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture　transfer. Detailed understanding of this phenomenon　awaits further study. (127 words)

　　For the following question, consider each of the　choices separately and select all that apply

　　7. According to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the following?

　　□ A Causes relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity with the ocean surface.

　　□ B Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture　transfer between the ocean and the air.

　　□ C Causes frequent changes in the temperature of　the water at the ocean‘s surface.

　　8. The passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there was no wind at all which of the following would occur?

　　(A) The air closest to the ocean surface would　become saturated with water vapor.

　　(B) The air closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.

　　(C) The amount of moisture in the air closest to　the ocean surface would decrease.

　　(D) The rate of heat and moisture transfer would increase.

　　(E) The air closest to the ocean would be at the　same temperature as air higher up.

　　I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at　work, at its most intense.‖ Virginia Woolf‘s provocative　statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway　Line has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different　from the traditional picture of the ―poetic‖ novelist　concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and　with following the intricate pathways of individual　consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a　visionary: literary critics‘ cavalier dismissal of Woolf‘s　social vision will not withstand scrutiny.　In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the　questions of how individuals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge　on people‘s lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to　determine people‘s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in　a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise　historical time. (163 words)

　　9. In the first paragraph of the passage, the author‘s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can　best be described as

　　(A) disparaging

　　(B) ironic

　　(C) facetious

　　(D) skeptical but resigned

　　(E) disappointed but hopeful

　　10. It can be inferred from the passage that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she

　　(A) was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres

　　(B) was interested in the effect of a person‘s social milieu on his or her character and actions

　　(C) needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support　the arguments she advanced in them

　　(D) wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist

　　(E) wished to prevent critics from charging that her novels were written in an ambiguous　and inexact style

　　11. In the context of the passage, ―poetic‖ is closest in meaning to

　　○ A socioeconomic

　　○ B realistic

　　○ C political

　　○ D visionary

　　○ E literary

　　1. 文章主要讲了两个misconception，为负评价，选C选项。

　　2. 定位文章L10，“Actually, its limits are set by the amount of available lithium”，说nuclear fusion power这个东西无限，因为D无限，然而D的限制是被L这个东西的数量控制了，所以可以推断出L可能是D的主要来源。

　　3. 定位L7：“judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards”以及第一段第一句话“in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject”，可以得出答案。

　　4. 文章主要在讨论一本著作，发表作者自己的观点，并且正负评价都有，选A。

　　5. 既然是改进题，肯定要对作者对该事物的负评价取非;

　　首先找到负评价：定位在L34开始的第三段文章，作者主要说R人并没有在主观上，对一些作品的价值进行评价，从而留下了很多审美上的问题。

　　取非后，我们发现五个选项里只有E最合适。

　　A. Ideological和historical 都没有无论正向负向意思都没有在负评价段落内出现;

　　B. 他就是因为太客观了，没有自己的意见才会被作者指出来，小批评了一下;

　　C. 在第三段中，没有说他抽象(不够细节)的感觉;

　　D. Own unique确实和答案很接近，但是后面是tradition，不是evaluation或者是assessment

　　6. 用书名定位，问例子的作用，找到之前的观点：“what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works”，我们发现基本都是很好的词汇来表扬这本书的;后面举得例子一定是为这句话服务的。D选项比较迷惑(我选了)，不选它个人觉得是因为文章中红字部分，作者只是用这个书名来强调Black Fiction给我们带来的好处，而不是affinities;选E.

　　7. 问风有啥用?定位L10，我们就知道了风的作用：提供turbulence的能量，因此就增强了温度和湿度的交互，也就是前文所讲的空气和海水的接触。

　　A. 正确选项

　　B. 原文说“As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer.”也就是高速风会导致高速率交互，可是选项中说的是steady rate，什么样的风才能导致steady rate呢?根据文章的内容只能是steady的风，但是题干问的只是风的作用，不是什么样的风都能让它steady的，所以不选。

　　C. 文章压根儿没提过温度的变化频率问题。

　　8. 个人觉得很有难度的一道题目：

　　如上题所讲，wind增加，会增加漩涡，从而增加mixed air，从而增加不平衡;这时候我们继续往前找，看到不平衡的同义词difference后面有一个however small，肯定前面有一个很small感觉的东西，我们看见有一个nearly，我们知道后面所有的这些东西的存在实际上都是在支持这个nearly，一旦后面取非，这个nearly也将不复存在。

　　9. 主旨题：

　　提到literary critic的只有第一段，

　　L4的ignore告诉了我们答案。

　　10. 用social setting定位L15直接告诉了我们答案。

　　11. 这种题在考试中不知道会不会像托福一样标注出来，我做题的时候就一直在L10的那个poetic纠结了很久，答案也是选错了;如果是问第一个带引号的那个的话，用后面“examining states of reverie and vision”的分词结构就能选出答案，reverie是幻想曲、幻想;vision不只是视力、美景的意思，也有想象、幻想的感觉。

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