2015年GRE考试阅读理解每日练-6

　　新东方在线为大家精心整理了2015年GRE考试阅读理解每日练的相关内容，分享给大家，供大家参考，希望对大家有所帮助!

　　By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Herring suggested that different modes of　Line sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of　recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as common currency‖ throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is　some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual　cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex,　and so on. However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value.

　　1. The author mentions ―common currency‖ in line 13 primarily in order to emphasize the

　　(A) lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings

　　(B) similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience

　　(C) similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous system

　　(D) continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system

　　(E) recurrent questioning by scientists of an accepted explanation about the nervous　system

　　2. The description of an experiment in which electric stimuli were applied to different sensory fields of the　cerebral cortex tends to support the theory that

　　(A) the simple presence of different cortical areas cannot account for the diversity of mental experience

　　(B) variation in spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses correlates with variation in subjective experience

　　(C) nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous and are relatively unaffected as they travel through the nervous system

　　(D) the mental experiences produced by sensory nerve impulses are determined by the cortical area activated

　　(E) variation in neuron types affects the quality of nerve impulses

　　3. Which of the following best summarizes the author‘s opinion of the suggestion that different areas of the brain determine perceptions produced　by sensory nerve impulses?

　　(A) It is a plausible explanation, but it has not been completely proved.

　　(B) It is the best explanation of brain processes currently available.

　　(C) It is disproved by the fact that the various areas of the brain are physiologically very similar.

　　(D) There is some evidence to support it, but it fails to explain the diversity of mental experience.

　　(E) There is experimental evidence that confirms its correctness.

　　8

　　A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems　from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist　system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists　Line as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against　Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial　prejudice as ―racially-based negative prejudgments　against a group generally accepted as a race in any　given region of ethnic competition,‖ can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as　the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval　Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter　peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason　that such antagonisms were not really based on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the　intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism　and the early twentieth-century discrimination against　Oriental people in California, which, inconveniently,　was instigated by workers.

　　4. The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?

　　A What conditions caused the discrimination against Oriental people in California in the　early twentieth century?

　　B What evidence did the Marxist sociologist provide to support his thesis?

　　C What explanation did the Marxist sociologist give for the existence of racial prejudice?

　　5. According to the passage, the Marxist sociologist‘s chain of reasoning required him to assert that　prejudice toward Oriental people in California was

　　(A) directed primarily against the Chinese

　　(B) similar in origin to prejudice against the Jews

　　(C) understood by Oriental people as ethnic　competition

　　(D) provoked by workers

　　(E) nonracial in character

　　9

　　It would be wonderful to observe a singularity (an infinitely dense concentration of matter) and obtain direct evidence of the undoubtedly bizarre　phenomena that occur near one. Unfortunately, in　most cases a distant observer cannot see the　singularity; outgoing light rays are dragged back by　gravity so forcefully that even if they could start out　within a few kilometers of the singularity, they would end　up in the singularity itself.

　　6. Which of the following sentences would most probably follow the last sentence of the passage?

　　(A) Thus, a physicist interested in studying phenomena near singularities would necessarily hope to find a singularity with a measurable gravitational field.

　　(B) Accordingly, physicists to date have been unable to observe directly any singularity.

　　(C) It is specifically this startling phenomenon that has allowed us to codify the scant information currently available about　singularities.

　　(D) Moreover, the existence of this extraordinary phenomenon is implied in the extensive reports of several physicists.

　　(E) Although unanticipated, phenomena such　as these are consistent with the structure　of a singularity.

　　10

　　The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized Line groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain　components of intelligence were improved far more than　others. The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind　carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of　tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased.The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem;then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past　attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes. The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.

　　Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the　production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the　adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it,　but the animal does experience something like it. The　predator is searchingly aggressive, inner-directed, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but　aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard‘s instinctive snap at a passing beetle.　Using past events as a framework, the large mammal　predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold　trails and distant sounds—and yesterday‘s unforgotten　lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its　mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine　system.

　　7. The author refers to a hungry lizard (line 47) primarily in order to

　　(A) demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those　of nonmammals

　　(B) broaden the application of his argument by ncluding an insectivore as an example

　　(C) make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness

　　(D) provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators

　　(E) offer an objection to suggestions that all animals lack consciousness

　　8. It can be inferred from the passage that in animals less intelligent than the mammals　discussed in the passage

　　(A) past experience is less helpful in ensuring survival

　　(B) attention is more highly focused

　　(C) muscular coordination is less highly developed

　　(D) there is less need for competition among species

　　(E) environment is more important in establishing　the proper ratio of prey to predator

　　9. The author provides information that would　answer which of the following questions?

　　A Why is an aroused herbivore usually fearful?

　　B What are some of the degrees of attention in large　mammals?

　　C What occurs when the stimulus that causes arousal of　a mammal is removed?

　　10. According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of the　following may occur EXCEPT

　　(A) the production of adrenaline

　　(B) the production of norepinephrine

　　(C) a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli

　　(D) an increase in selectivity with respect to stimuli

　　(E) an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem

　　11

　　Gutman‘s examination of the slaves‘ extended kinship　system produces important findings. Gutman discovers　that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that Line contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed fromone tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins‘ marrying is important, argues Gutman,because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network.

　　The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, ―fictive‖kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure—which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century—provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.

　　11. According to the passage, all of the following are true of the West African rules governing marriage:

　　A The rules forbade marriages between close kin.

　　B The rules were not uniform in all respects from one West African tribe to another.

　　C The rules have been considered to be a possible source of slaves‘ marriage preferences.

　　12. Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slavery in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage.

　　(A) These practices began to alter sometime　around the mid-eighteenth century.

　　(B) These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.

　　(C) Plantation owners usually based their　choice of marriage partners on economic considerations.

　　(D) Plantation owners often married earlier　than slaves.

　　(E) Plantation owners often married their cousins.

　　13. Select the sentence in the passage that the author introduces additional support for the existence of the awareness of kinship among the slaves of an extended kinship network.

　　1. 定位到第11行：

　　“that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as ―common currency throughout the nervous system.” 每一句话都透露着一种关于nerve impulse的一致、同一的感觉。

　　2. 定位到文章第二十行：可以直接得出答案

　　“it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex”

　　3. 结合上一句的每种locus对应不同的sensation;每个之间不具备分析的价值。

　　“However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value.”

　　4. 问的是Except，

　　A. 文中提到加州中国人目的是为了证明对他们的偏见并不是由种族歧视引起的，排除;

　　B. 马克思社会科学家一直在被引述观点，没有evidence，排除;

　　C. 这个可以有，他一直在声称种族歧视就是资本主义的产物。

　　5. 其实最重要的是要理清楚这篇文章的逻辑：

　　首先一个马克思主义社会学家(简称马社)的论点是：种族歧视都是资本主义造成的，之后他有著作称：“所有地区的人种斗争都是基础种族偏见的”;

　　然而事实上，在“所有地区”中，对加州华人(由工人引起的)和犹太人(在资本主义产生之前)的歧视不是由资本主义引起的，所以“马社”要是想继续defense他的观点，即种族歧视都是资本主义造成的“的逆否命题：不是资本主义造成的人种斗争就一定不是种族歧视， 所以按照这种逻辑思路，他is required to或者has to reason一下上述两种情况并非基于种族歧视(即题干所问)。文章最后一句话说道，因此他dispose of(摒弃了，排除了)在面对上述两种特殊的情形，也就是并忽略掉了这两个特例不是由资本主义引起的(然而事实上作者认为“马社”这种避重就轻是不可信的)。

　　6. 文章最后一句的中心意思：“Unfortunately, in most cases a distant observer cannot see the singularity”

　　A. measurable，新信息，原文没有提到immeasurable或者相关概念;

　　B. 与原文意思最接近;

　　C. allow… 与原文意思相反

　　D. 新信息，原文作者其实完全可以这样写，但是做题角度讲，这么说是没有逻辑的;

　　E. 新信息，structure

　　7. 定位到46行：

　　“closer to human consciousness than”，和人类进行比较，后面就是lizard那个例子，是一种高级比较低级的感觉。

　　8. 该道题目不容易定位，第27行：

　　“One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience.”

　　并且题目问的是infer，根据题目适当取反，即能得出答案。

　　A. 符合文章句子意思(智商高的动物，能够保留历史记忆)，即弱智的小动物的历史对于他们的生存是没有什么帮助的;

　　B. 说反了，文章说智商高动物才会highly focus attention，弱智的小动物只会相反;

　　C. 新内容，肌肉功能协调性;

　　D. 新内容，种间竞争;

　　E. 新内容，捕食者和被捕食者的比率。

　　9. 长阅读遇到全文定位的多选题，如果觉得定位很吃力，个人感觉可以直接mask---next：

　　A. 可以在第37行找到答案：

　　“Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.”

　　害怕的原因是因为产生了“norepinephrine”，不需要知道是什么意思，通过“effect”即可获得答案;

　　B. 定位到24行：

　　“Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images”;

　　C. 文章没有提到关于刺激消失的介绍。

　　10. 又是烦人的EXCEPT题：

　　A. 同样是37行：

　　“Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands”;

　　B. 同上;

　　C. 14行：

　　“It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation.”

　　D. 10-25行基本都在讲这个内容，如果非要明确定位，个人觉得比较牵强的一句话：

　　“The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction”

　　11.

　　A. 定位第八行“all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin”

　　B. 定位第七行“though they differed from one tribal group to another”(特别喜欢讲选项设在文章的让步中)

　　12. 定位到第二行，很简单的一个推理题：

　　“Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners”

　　对“cousins rarely married”取反，就是plantation owners的行为。

　　13. 题目中几个关键字“additional”，“support the awareness”，总而可以找到13行：

　　“The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness”

　　以上就是新东方在线为大家总结的2015年GRE考试阅读理解每日练的相关内容，希望对大家有所帮助，最后预祝大家在GRE考试中取得优异的成绩!

　　---本文节选自新东方在线论坛