GRE阅读每日练习材料16

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　　In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus, one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women’s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs’s results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employers would be 14. 6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.

　　In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown’s research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study’s results. Brown’s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.

　　One can infer from Brown’s results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.

　　Brown’s results are clearly consistent with Fuch’s argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women’s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.

　　17. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT:

　　(A) discrimination from suppliers

　　(B) discrimination from consumers

　　(C) discrimination from financial institutions

　　(D) problems in obtaining good employees

　　(E) problems in obtaining government assistance

　　18. The author would be most likely to agree with which of the following conclusions about discrimination against women by private employers and by government employers?

　　(A) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, with equal effects on women’s earnings.

　　(B) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by private employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.

　　(C) Both private employers and government employers discriminate, but the discrimination by government employers has a greater effect on women’s earnings.

　　(D) Private employers discriminate; it is possible that government employers discriminate.

　　(E) Private employers discriminate; government employers do not discriminate.

　　19. A study of the practices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-employed women would tend to contradict which of the following?

　　(A) Some tentative results of Fuchs’s study

　　(B) Some explicit results of Brown’s study

　　(C) A suggestion made by the author

　　(D) Fuchs’s hypothesis

　　(E) Sanborn’s hypothesis

　　20. According to Brown’s study, women’s earnings categories occur in which or the following orders, from highest earnings to lowest earnings?

　　(A) Government employment, self-employment, private employment

　　(B) Government employment, private employment, self-employment

　　(C) Private employment, self-employment, government employment

　　(D) Private employment, government employment, self-employment

　　(E) Self-employment, private employment, government employment

　　21. The passage explicitly answers which of the following questions?

　　(A) Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown’s study?

　　(B) Why do private employers illuminate more against women than do government employers?

　　(C) Why do self-employed women have more difficulty than men in hiring high-quality employees?

　　(D) Why do suppliers discriminate against self-employed women?

　　(E) Are Black women and Black men treated similarly by employers and consumers?

　　22. It can be inferred from the passage that the statements in the last paragraph are most probably which of the following?

　　(A) Brown’s elaboration of his research results

　　(B) Brown’s tentative inference from his data

　　(C) Brown’s conclusions, based on common-sense reasoning

　　(D) The author’s conclusions, based on Fuchs’s and Brown’s results

　　(E) The author’s criticisms of Fuchs’s argument, based on Brown’s results

　　23. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage as a whole?

　　(A) The Necessity for Earnings Differentials in a Free Market Economy

　　(B) Why Discrimination Against Employed Women by Government Employers and Private Employers Differs from Discrimination Against Self-Employed Women by Consumers

　　(C) How Discrimination Affects Women’s Choice of Type of Employment

　　(D) The Relative Effect of Private Employer Discrimination on Men’s Earnings as Compared to Women’s Earnings

　　(E) The Relative Effect of Discrimination by Government Employers, Private Employers, and Consumers on Women’s Earnings

　　The success of fluoride in combating dental decay is well established and, without a doubt (without a doubt: adv.无疑地), socially beneficial. However, fluoride’s toxic properties have been known for a century. In humans excessive intake (for adults, over 4 milligrams per day) over many years can lead to skeletal fluorosis, a well-defined skeletal disorder, and in some plant species, fluoride is more toxic than ozone, sulfur dioxide, or pesticides.

　　Some important questions remain. For example, the precise lower limit at which the fluoride content of bone becomes toxic is still undetermined. And while fluoride intake from water and air can be evaluated relatively easily, it is much harder to estimate how much a given population ingests from foodstuffs because of the wide variations in individual eating habits and in fluoride concentrations in foodstuffs. These difficulties suggest that we should by wary of indiscriminately using fluoride, even in the form of fluoride-containing dental products.

　　24. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

　　(A) analyzing and categorizing

　　(B) comparing and contrasting

　　(C) synthesizing and predicting

　　(D) describing and cautioning

　　(E) summarizing and reinterpreting

　　25. The passage suggests that it would be easier to calculate fluoride intake from food if

　　(A) adequate di were available for most people.

　　(B) individual eating habits were more uniform

　　(C) the fluoride content of food was more varied

　　(D) more people were aware of the fluoride content of food

　　(E) methods for measuring the fluoride content of food were more generally agreed on

　　26. One function of the second paragraph of the passage is to

　　(A) raise doubts about fluoride’s toxicity

　　(B) introduce the issue of fluoride’s toxicity

　　(C) differentiate a toxic from a nontoxic amount of fluoride

　　(D) indicate that necessary knowledge of fluoride remains incomplete

　　(E) discuss the foodstuffs that are most likely to contain significant concentrations of fluoride

　　27. The passage suggests which of the following about the effect of fluoride on humans?

　　(A) The effect is more easily measured than is the effect of exposure to pesticides.

　　(B) The effect of fluoride intake from water and air is relatively difficult to monitor.

　　(C) In general the effect is not likely to be as harmful as the effect of exposure to sulfur dioxide.

　　(D) An intake of 4 milligrams over a long period of time usually leads to a skeletal disorder in humans.

　　(E) An intake of slightly more than 4 milligrams for only a few months is not likely to be life-threatening.

　　答案：17-27：EDCBADEDBDE

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