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GRE阅读题目解析:守窝长尾石龙子

2017-12-14 08:55:00来源：网络

　　P46

　　1

　　Our study revealed that nest-guarding long-tailed skinks (a species of lizard) homed (returned to their nests) more successfully when displaced shorter distances.

　　我们的研究显示，守窝长尾石龙子(一种蜥蜴)被移动的距离越短，返家(回窝)成功率越高。

　　2

　　There are two reasons why homing success rates decreased with increasing displacement distance.

　　随移动距离变长回窝成功率变低的原因有二。

　　3

　　One possibility is that females were simply displaced too far to find their way home.

　　一种可能，单纯是因为雌石龙子被移动得太远，找不到家了。

　　4

　　However, this is unlikely given that some individuals managed to find their way home from each distance we used.

　　然而，这不大可能，因为一些个体无论被移动多远，都成功回窝。

　　5

　　The second possibility deals with trade-offs between the risks associated with making a long return trip and the benefits of returning.

　　第二种可能，涉及 在 长途跋涉回家的风险 与 回到的好处 之间权衡利弊。

　　6

　　Animals should expend energy only when the associated costs are low.

　　动物理应在相关代价较低时消耗能量。

　　7

　　As reptiles increase the time spent moving, their daily energy expenditure increases dramatically.

　　因为爬行动物移动慢，它们一整天消耗的能量剧增。

　　8

　　The energetic costs of returning home and the chances that the eggs will have been preyed upon during the return trip both increase substantially as displacement distance increases.

　　随着被移动的距离增加，回窝要消耗的能量，以及在此期间蛋被吃掉的几率都增加了。

　　9

　　For example, the 130 hours (5.5 days) that female skinks spent returning from a distance of 300 meters is sufficient for an egg-eating snake to locate and prey upon the entire clutch.

　　比如说，雌石龙子花 130 小时(5.5 天)跋涉 300 米回窝，已经足够蛇定位以及吃掉所有的蛋。

　　(clutch 一次产或孵的蛋)

　　10

　　However, females with larger clutches were more likely to home at distances over 50 meters.

　　然而，守着大窝的雌性仍然更可能在被移动超过 50 米的情况下回窝。

　　11

　　For these females, the relative fitness benefits associated with having more eggs successfully hatch may outweigh the energetic costs of returning to a nest site, even if the nest may have already been preyed upon.

　　对于这些雌性来说，让更多蛋成功孵化的相对适应性利益，超过了回窝会消耗的能量，即便蛋可能已经被吃了。

　　(fitness 最早讲这个概念在 15 / 36 P1，有兴趣的同学去翻

　　基因适应度，指特定条件下，某个体让自己的基因进入后代基因库的能力，也就是让自己携带的基因尽量延续下去的能力。

　　)

　　1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A. question the validity of research on nest-guarding behavior in long-tailed skinks

　　B. consider explanations for a finding regarding long-tailed skinks

　　C. discuss the importance of homing for long-tailed skinks

　　D. describe the relationship between clutch size and homing success in long-tailed skinks

　　E. identify the benefits of a behavior common among long-tailed skinks

　　选 B

　　评估 对 一项关于长尾石龙子的观察发现 的多种解释。

　　finding 就是有的回窝，有的不回。

　　2. The claim in the highlighted sentence assumes which of the following about the individuals that managed to find their way home from each distance?

　　A. They were less able to detect egg-eating predators than were the other long-tailed skinks studied.

　　B. They were more averse to risk than were the other long-tailed skinks studied

　　C. They expended less energy when homing than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

　　D. They did not possess better homing skills than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

　　E. They had significantly smaller clutches than did the other long-tailed skinks studied.

　　选 D

　　难题。

　　首先在于问法，即对于那些被移动多远都回窝了的石龙子，这句话隐含了什么假设。

　　One possibility is that females were simply displaced too far to find their way home. However, this is unlikely given that some individuals managed to find their way home from each distance we used.

　　不妨把句 3 - 4 连起来看。

　　句 3 说，一些雌石龙子不回家，单纯是因为找不到路了，to far to find their way home 。句 4 则否认了这种可能 this is unlikely，因为有一些始终要回家，也成功地回了家。

　　看到这里，如果你足够敏锐，就该意识到这样一种情况：可能有一只，它想回家，但因为找不到路，只能在外面瞎打转干着急。

　　文中有提到这样的，想回家又回不了的石龙子吗?

　　没有。

　　后文提到了两种情况，一种是想了想不回了因为不值(言外之意，想回还是能回的)，一种是想过了无论如何要回也确实回去了。

　　你注意到了吗，两种情况的区别只在于 trade-offs 对收益与风险的权衡，不在于认路的能力，即文章的作者认为所有石龙子都一样认路，想回家就一定能找到路。

　　这就是这句话隐含的假设：回家的并不比其他更认路。

　　现在做完这道题，你认为作者在文中的论证是否存在问题?其结论是否成立?

　　其实，这道题非常犀利地指出了文章逻辑的不足。作为一项意在考察蜥蜴是否回家的研究，竟然因为有的蜥蜴成功回家，就假设所有蜥蜴都像上帝一样认路。回头再看看，这道题中竟然一个科学家的名字都没出现过，我怀疑这篇 “ 文章 ” 是 ETS 编的，而不是改写的，故意卖个逻辑上的破绽好出题。

　　3. The "second possibility" implies which of the following as a possible explanation for the female long-tailed skinks that failed to home from distances over 50 meters ?

　　A. They had relatively small clutches

　　B. They were unable to find their way home

　　C. They lacked sufficient energy to home successfully

　　D. They had male long-tailed skinks guarding their clutches

　　E. They detected evidence of egg-eating snakes In the vicinity of their nests.

　　选 A

　　注意问法，从 “ second possibility ” 出发推断可能的解释。根据句 10 - 11 可选出 A 。其实 B / C / E 都是比较有可能的推测，只是因为文章的逻辑缺陷，三者都得不到表达。

　　以上就是新东方在线GER频道为你带来的GRE阅读题目解析，更多精彩敬请关注新东方在线GRE频道。

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